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. 2022 Jun 20;12:10311. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13947-y

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Improvement in distance logMAR visual acuity. (a) Distribution of change from baseline (CFB) in logMAR dVA in children and adults. (b) Time course of dVA recovery in children. The negative exponential fit indicates improvement (solid line) during the therapy (thick black line) and the expected improvement rate (dotted line) had the therapy been continued. Children’s improvement remained stable at 1-m follow-up without regression. (c) Division of children’s change over time based on the exponent of the fitted exponential: green, red, and gray indicates improvement, decline, and no change, respectively. (d, e) Results of the prediction analysis: (d) Children’s interocular dVA recovery was strikingly dependent on the presence of astigmatism: non-astigmatic children’s potential for improvement increased with worse baseline interocular dVA, while the opposite was true for astigmatic children. (e) Adults’ modest progress, on the other hand, did not depend on their baseline dVA, nor did the presence of astigmatism had any impact on it. Red circles signify astigmatic patients, light gray solid line indicates a linear fit for non-astigmatic children, while the dashed line is the linear fit for astigmatic children. N_Ch = 24, N_Ad = 18, except for (d, e), where N_Ch = 21, N_Ad = 17. Means ± SEM.