Table 1.
Overview of demographic, lifestyle, environmental, and biological exposures included in the current study.
| Exposure | Label | Rounda |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic exposures | ||
| Sex | Male; female | r1 |
| Age | In years | r1–r5 |
| Educational level (highest level of education attained) | Primary education or less; lower vocational education or lower secondary education; intermediate vocational education or higher secondary education; higher vocational education or university | r1–r4 |
| Nationality | Dutch; non-Dutch | r1 |
| Marital status | Single, never married; married; widow/widower; divorced | r1–r5 |
| Household composition | With partner; with partner and children; single-parent household; single household; other household | r2–r5 |
| Working hours | In hours per week | r2–r5 |
| Lifestyle exposures | ||
| Alcohol use | No, never; no, I stopped using alcohol; every now and then, but less than 1 glass per week; yes | r1–r5 |
| Number of glasses of alcohol per day | In glasses per day | r1–r5 |
| Smoking status | Smoker; former smoker; never smoker | r1–r5 |
| Number of cigarettes per day | In cigarettes per day | r1–r5 |
| Smoking pack years | In the number of smoking years times the number of packs smoked per day | r1–r5 |
| Occupational physical activity (EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pols et al. 1997)) | Sedentary job; standing job; manual work; heavy manual work; not applicable | r1–r5 |
| Time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity per week (EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pols et al. 1997)) | < 0.5 h; 0.5–3.5 h; ≥ 3.5 h or more, of which < 2 h vigorous; ≥ 3.5 h, of which ≥ 2 h or more vigorous | r2–r5 |
| Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (Looman et al. 2017) | On a scale from 0 to 130 (a higher score indicates higher adherence to the Dutch dietary guidelines) | r2–r4 |
| Number of hours of sleep per day | ≤ 5 h; 6 h; 7 h; 8 h; ≥ 9 h | r1–r5 |
| Reproductive cycle status | Male; female, regular cycle; female, irregular cycle; female, pregnant; female, anticontraceptive or hormone use; female, unknown/surgery; female, menopause | r1–r5 |
| Environmental exposures | ||
| Total NO2 concentration at home address (dispersion models (Velders et al. 2020))b | In ug/m3 | r1–r5 |
| Total PM2.5 concentration at home address (dispersion models (Velders et al. 2020))b | In ug/m3 | r1–r5 |
| Total elemental carbon concentration at home address (dispersion models (Velders et al. 2020))b | In ug/m3 | r1–r5 |
| Rail traffic noise levels in 2016 for the entire 24-h period at home address (Standard Model Instrumentation for Noise Assessments (Schreurs et al. 2010)) | In dB | r1–r5 |
| Road traffic noise levels in 2016 for the entire 24-h period at home address (Standard Model Instrumentation for Noise Assessments (Schreurs et al. 2010)) | In dB | r1–r5 |
| Normalized difference vegetation index in 2010 in buffer 300 m around home address (Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (United States Geological Service) | On a scale from − 1 to 1 (higher score indicating more greenness) | r1–r5 |
| Normalized difference vegetation index in 2010 in buffer 1000 m around home address (Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (United States Geological Service)) | On a scale from − 1 to 1 (higher score indicating more greenness) | r1–r5 |
| Damp stains in the house in the past two years | Not at all; occasionally; often; always | r2–r3 |
| Mold growth in the house in the past two years | Not at all; occasionally; often; always | r2–r3 |
| Hot water supply in the house | Geyser with drain; geyser without drain; boiler; combi boiler; combination or other | r2–r3 |
| Heat source for cooking | Gas; electric; combination or other | r2–r3 |
| Pet (cat, dog, bird or rodent) in the house | Yes; no, not anymore; no, never | r2–r3 |
| Smoking in the participant's environment | Yes, at home and at work; yes, at home; yes, at work; no | r2–r3 |
| Social support measured by positive social experiences (Van Oostrom et al. 1995) | On a scale from 8 to 32 (higher score indicates more positive experiences) | r1–r3 |
| Social support measured by negative social experiences (Van Oostrom et al. 1995) | On a scale from 8 to 32 (higher score indicates more negative experiences) | r1–r3 |
| Social support measure for elderly (Van Eijk et al. 1994) | On a scale from 12 to 48 (higher score indicates more social support) | r5 |
| Loneliness scale (De Jong-Gierveld et al. 1985) | On a scale from 0 to 11 (higher score indicates more loneliness) | r5 |
| Biological exposures | ||
| Body mass index | In kg/m2 | r1–r5 |
| Waist/hip ratio | Ratio | r2–r5 |
| Waist circumference | In centimeters | r2–r5 |
| Pulse rate | In beats per minute | r1–r5 |
| Systolic pressure | In mm Hg | r1–r5 |
| Diastolic pressure | In mm Hg | r1–r5 |
| Total cholesterol | In mmol/l | r1–r5 |
| HDL cholesterol | In mmol/l | r1–r5 |
| Total/HDL cholesterol ratio | Ratio | r1–r5 |
| Use of high blood pressure medication | Yes; no | r1–r5 |
| Use of cholesterol lowering medication | Yes; no | r1–r5 |
aMeasurement rounds during which an exposure was measured (round 1 20–59 years, round 2 26–65 years, round 3 31–70 years, round 4 36–75 years, round 5 41–80 years).
bBased on concentration estimates of the year 2000 for round 1–3; the average of the years 2000 and 2010 for round 4; and the year 2010 for round 5.