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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 Dec 21:10.1097/PHM.0000000000001943. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001943

Figure 1. Intervertebral discs produce inflammatory cytokines/chemokines with degeneration.

Figure 1.

Aging, mechanical insults, Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) accelerate disc degeneration. Left: intact mouse tail IVD stained with Alcian blue, with hematoxylin and eosin counter stain; Right: injury-induced degenerative IVD. NP: nucleus pulposus; AF: annulus fibrosus.