Table 4.
Exosomal proteins in prostate cancer tissue.
| protein (127) | Role in tumors | references |
|---|---|---|
| Glutathione synthetase | Inhibit oxidative stress, tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance | (128) |
| D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase | Up-regulation of cancer-promoting genes, regulation of metabolism, chemotherapy resistance | (129) |
| Cytosol aminopeptidase | Affects MHC class I mediated antigen presentation | (130) |
| Alpha-enolase | Protein-protein interactions that regulate glycolysis, activation of signaling pathways, and resistance to chemotherapy | (131) |
| Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 | Inhibit cell cycle progression | (132) |
| Actin, cytoplasmic 1 | Causes cytoskeletal changes to promote tumor progression | (133) |
| Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | Control lipid metabolism and inhibit apoptosis | (134) |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] | Activate the carcinogenic effects of acetaldehyde | (135) |
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase | Inhibit cell hypoxia | (136) |
| F-Actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 | Remodeling the cytoskeleton inhibits EMT, thereby inhibiting cancer migration and invasion | (137) |
| N(G), N(G)-Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 | Inhibit angiogenesis | (138) |
| Annexin A1 | Induces apoptosis, activates immunity, mediates cancer pathways, and protein interactions | (139–143) |
| 14-3-3 Protein sigma | Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells, affects transcription factors and cell signal transduction in cancer cells, and resists oxidative stress | (144) |
| Annexin A5 | Annexin A5 can activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 | (145) |
| Annexin A3 | Participate in cell signal transduction and promote tumor development | (146) |
| Syntenin-1 | Regulating PTGER2 expression enhances CSC amplification, oxaliplatin chemoresistance and migration | (147) |
| Heat-shock protein beta-1 | Inhibit cell apoptosis in various malignant tumors, up-regulate the expression of MMP-9, promote the invasion of breast cancer cells, and increase VEGF) to induce angiogenesis | (148–151) |
| Peroxiredoxin-6 | Regulate the expression of uPAR, Ets-1, MMP-9, RhoC and TIMP-2 to increase the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer | (152) |
| Triosephosphate isomerase | Regulate glycolysis and metabolism, as an oncogene | (153) |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 | Inhibit most of the kinase functions in the signal cascade, metastasis inhibitors, participate in cell proliferation, inhibit metastasis, and promote apoptosis | (154) |
| Semenogelin-1 | Activate androgen receptor | (155) |
| Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] | Inhibit the oxidative stress response of cells | (156) |
| Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N | Involved in DNA repair, cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis and carcinogenic signals | (157) |
| Prolactin-inducible protein | Enhance anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor metastasis | (158) |
| Protein S100-A9 | Regulate tumor immune microenvironment | (159) |
| Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 | Inhibition of oncogene transcriptional control pathways | (160) |
| Acyl-CoA-binding protein | Maintain fatty acid oxidation to induce tumorigenesis | (161) |
| Protein S100-A11 | Regulate cell cycle, promote cell proliferatio n, migration, invasion and EMT, activate Wnt, β-catenin signaling pathway to induce cancer | (162) |