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. 2022 Jun 7;16:901688. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901688

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Extracellular ATP reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and restored mitochondrial membrane potential functions induced by glutamate. Cultured SH-SY5Y cells were incubated in different concentrations (5 and 10 μM) of extracellular ATP, following by the application of 10-mM glutamate for 24 h; the control group consisted of the untreated cells. (A) SH-SY5Y cells were stained with DCFH-DA. Covered glasses with cells were observed under a fluorescent microscope. Scale bar = 100 μm under 20 × magnification. (B) Fluorescent density mean of ROS level was calibrated. (C) JC-1 staining in SH-SY5Y cells. Scale bar = 100 μm under 20× magnification. (D) The ratio of the red/green fluorescence optical density were analyzed by image J. All data in bar charts present mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus the glutamate group or the control group.