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. 2022 Jun 7;10:882363. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882363

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Copyright © 2022 Padín-González, Lancaster, Bottini, Gasco, Tran, Fadeel, Wilkins and Monopoli.

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Hypersensitivity reactions: IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated. Mast cells can be activated either through IgE or non-IgE pathways. IgE stimulation (top panel) requires pre-exposure to an antigen (e.g., pollen, mite, etc.) and upon a second exposure, IgE-bound FcεR1 are crosslinked leading to activation of signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell degranulation and activation (top panel). Mast cells can be also activated through non-IgE pathways (bottom panel) by a wide range of materials (e.g., cytokines, complement fragments, basic polypeptides, environmental toxicants, toxic venoms, etc) which do not require prior exposure and may lead to mast cell degranulation and/or activation (bottom panel). Figure and captions are taken from ref (Alsaleh and Brown, 2020).