Table 1.

Clinical symptoms or suspicion factors for the screening of sarcopenic obesity

Age >70 years Chronic disease diagnosis (e.g., inflammatory diseases and organ failure or chronic disease) including but not limited to:  Chronic heart failure  Chronic kidney disease (particularly renal replacement therapy)  Chronic bowel failure or dysfunction  Chronic liver disease (particularly NASH and liver cirrhosis)  Chronic respiratory disease  Chronic neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases  Chronic cognitive impairment  Depression  Organ transplantation  Endocrine diseases (e.g., metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypercortisolism, hypogonadism and corticoid treatment)  Osteoarthritis  Cancer (especially but not limited to chemotherapy of breast or prostate cancer) Recent acute disease/nutritional events:  Recent hospitalization (particularly but not limited to COVID-19, ICU stay, surgery)  Recent major surgery or trauma with/without complications  Recent sustained immobilization or reduced mobility (e.g., trauma, fracture, orthopaedic disease)  Recent history of reduced food intake (e.g., <50% for >2 weeks)  Recent weight loss (including diet-induced voluntary weight loss and weight cycling syndrome)  Recent rapid increase in weight  Long-standing restrictive diets and bariatric surgery History − complaint of: Repeated falls  Weakness, exhaustion  Fatigability  Perceived progressive movement limitations