Table 1.
Summary of parameters included in various risk-prediction tools
| Tools | GORD | Age | Obesity | Smoking | Gender | Anti-reflux medication | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M-BERET [33] | Yes (weekly) | Yes (50–59,60–69, 70–79) | Waist-to-hip ratio (per 0.10 increments) | Yes (per 10-pack years) | Male | − | − |
|
| |||||||
| GERSON tool [34] | Heartburn | ||||||
| Odynophagia Nocturnal pain | Yes (per 10 years) | − | − | Male | − | Ethnicity | |
| Dysphagia | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| HUNT [35] | Yes (yes or no) | Yes (<50, 50–59,60–69, ≥70) | BMI (<30 or ≥30) | Smoking (ever or never) | Male | − | − |
|
| |||||||
| Locke [36] | Yes (>5 years) | ||||||
| Dysphagia | Yes (no specified range) | − | − | Male | Yes | − | |
| Psychosomatic symptom score | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Thrift [37] | Yes | Yes (per 5 years)* | BMI (<25, 25–29.9, ≥30) | Yes (current, former, or never) | Male | Yes | Education |
|
| |||||||
| Kunzmann [38] | Presence of oesophageal conditions GORD BO | Yes (as part of oesophageal conditions) | |||||
| HH or HH surgery Oesophageal stricture or fundoplication Acid-suppressing medications (none or any) | Yes (50–55, 55–60,60–65,65+) | BMI (<25, 25 to <30, 30 to<35, >35) | Yes (current, former, or never) | Male | |||
GORD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; BMI, body mass index; HH, hiatal hernia. *Model was created using the Study of Digestive Health from Brisbane, Australia, which included all patients with BO or dysplasia aged 18–79 years.