Tabel 2.
Number of Children by Group with Endorsed ADOS-2 Toddler Module Symptoms
| ADOS-2 Toddler Module Item | GDD n (%) | ASD-MA<12 mos n (%) | ASD-MA≥12 mos n (%) | Chi-squarebp (ASD-MA<12 mosvs. GDD) | AORc (95% CI) ASD-MA<12 mos vs. GDD | Chi-squarebp (ASD-MA<12 mos vs. ASD-MA≥12 mos) | AORd (95% CI) ASD-MA<12 mos vs. ASD-MA≥12 mos |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 (overall level of non-echoed spoken language) | 27(100%) | 28 (100%) | 29 (100%) | N/A | N/A | ||
| A1a (frequency of babbling) | 23 (85.2%) | 26 (92.9%) | 24 (100%) | .422 | .493 | ||
| A2 (frequency of spontaneous vocalizations directed to others) | 19 (70.4%) | 28 (100%) | 27 (96.4%) | .002 | 1.000a | ||
| A3 (intonation of vocalizations and verbalizations) | 3 (18.8%) | 9 (52.9%) | 11 (64.7%) | .071 | .728 | ||
| A4 (immediate echolalia) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| A5 (stereotyped/idiosyncratic use of words or phrases) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| A6 (use of another’s body) | 9 (39.1%) | 16 (69.6%) | 19 (67.9%) | .075 | 1.000a | ||
| A7 (pointing) | 22 (84.6%) | 28 (100%) | 25 (89.3%) | .047 | .236 | ||
| A8 (gestures) | 22 (84.6%) | 26 (100%) | 26 (96.3%) | .110 | 1.000a | ||
| A9 (frequency of undirected vocalization) | 7 (31.8%) | 22 (91.7%) | 18 (72.0%) | <.001 | 8.83(1.23–63.70), p=.031 | .138 | |
| B1 (unusual eye contact) | 11 (40.7%) | 27 (96.4%) | 27 (96.4%) | <.001 | 26.17(2.31–296.39), p=.008 | 1.000a | |
| B2 (teasing toy play) | 14 (51.9%) | 19 (79.2%) | 19 (73.1%) | .077 | .745 | ||
| B3 (unable toy play) | 8 (30.8%) | 23 (88.5%) | 12 (42.9%) | <.001 | 11.97 (1.96–73.04), p=.007 | .001 | n.s. |
| B4 (facial expressions directed to others) | 13 (48.1%) | 28 (100%) | 23 (82.1%) | <.001 | n.s. | .051 | |
| B5 (integration of gaze and other behaviors) | 16 (59.3%) | 28 (100%) | 25 (89.3%) | <.001 | n.s. | .236 | |
| B6 (shared enjoyment) | 5 (18.5%) | 19 (67.9%) | 16 (57.1%) | <.001 | 5.43 (1.20–24.58), p=.028 | .582 | |
| B7 (response to name) | 8 (30.8%) | 25 (89.3%) | 19 (67.9%) | <.001 | 6.63 (1.17–37.56), p=.032 | .101 | |
| B8 (ignore) | 18 (69.2%) | 24 (88.9%) | 26 (92.9%) | .099 | .669 | ||
| B9 (requesting) | 12 (44.4%) | 29 (92.9%) | 26 (92.9%) | <.001 | 14.90 (1.97–112.79), p=.002 | 1.000a | |
| B10 (amount of requesting) | 22 (81.5%) | 28 (100%) | 22 (81.5%) | .024 | .023 | ||
| B11 (giving) | 16 (61.5%) | 28 (100%) | 24 (85.7%) | <.001 | n.s. | .111 | |
| B12 (showing) | 23 (85.2%) | 28 (100%) | 27 (96.4%) | .051 | 1.000a | ||
| B13 (spontaneous IJA) | 14 (51.9%) | 27 (96.4%) | 16 (57.1%) | <.001 | 40.70 (3.27–507.35), p=.004 | .001 | n.s. |
| B14 (response to JA) | 17 (65.4%) | 26 (96.3%) | 12 (42.9%) | .005 | <.001 | n.s. | |
| B15 (quality of social overtures) | 15 (57.7%) | 28 (100%) | 28 (100%) | <.001 | n.s. | N/A | |
| B16a (amount of social overtures to examiner) | 20 (74.1%) | 28 (100%) | 27 (96.4%) | .004 | 1.000a | ||
| B16b (amount of social overtures to parent) | 19 (73.1%) | 26 (92.9%) | 25 (92.6%) | .072 | 1.000a | ||
| B17 (level of engagement) | 17 (65.4%) | 26 (96.3%) | 26 (92.9%) | .005 | 1.000a | ||
| B18 (quality of rapport) | 14 (53.8%) | 25 (92.6%) | 25 (89.3%) | .002 | 1.000a | ||
| C1 (functional play with objects) | 24 (88.9%) | 28 (100%) | 24 (85.7%) | .111 | .111 | ||
| C2 (imagination/creativity) | 25 (92.6%) | 28 (100%) | 27 (96.4%) | .236 | 1.000a | ||
| C3 (functional and symbolic imitation) | 22 (82.5%) | 28 (100%) | 23 (82.1%) | .023 | .051 | ||
| D1 (unusual sensory interests) | 7 (25.9%) | 21 (75.0%) | 15 (53.6%) | <.001 | 8.934 (1.85–43.06), p=.006 | .162 | |
| D2 (hand/finger movements) | 3 (11.5%) | 15 (53.6%) | 12 (42.9%) | .001 | 8.25 (1.43–47.47), p=.018 | .593 | |
| D3 (other complex mannerisms) | 8 (30.8%) | 21 (75.0%) | 14 (50.0%) | .002 | .097 | ||
| D4 (SIB) | 2 (7.4%) | 3 (10.7%) | 4 (14.3%) | 1.000 | 1.000a | ||
| D5 (repetitive interests/stereotyped behaviors) | 7 (25.9%) | 20 (71.4%) | 23 (82.1%) | .001 | 18.26 (3.09–107.97), p=.001 | .528 | |
| E1 (overactivity) | 9 (33.3%) | 21 (75.0%) | 14 (50.0%) | .003 | .097 | ||
| E2 (fussiness/irritability) | 9 (33.3%) | 19 (67.9%) | 16 (57.1%) | .015 | .582 | ||
| E3 (aggression and disruptive behavior) | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (3.6%) | 4 (14.3%) | .611 | .352a | ||
| E4 (anxiety) | 8 (29.6%) | 6 (21.4%) | 7 (25.0%) | .547 | 1.000 |
Note: some individual ADOS-2 items were missing for individual children; the values in the table reflect the percent out of those with data for that item
GDD Global Developmental Delay, ASD-MA<12 mos Autism Spectrum Disorder With Mental Age Below 12 Months, ASD-MA≥12 mosAutism Spectrum Disorder With Mental Age At or Above 12 Months, ADOS-2 Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition, Toddler Module (endorsed items indicate impairment on item)
Fisher’s exact two-tailed test run when expected cell count <5 in chi-square; Bonferroni correction to adjust for multiple comparisons
AOR reported when chi-square indicated significant group difference in endorsement of item. Bold indicates significant p-values and AORs after controlling for chronological age and DQ.
AOR reported when chi-square indicated significant difference in endorsement of item. Bold indicates significant p-values and AORs after controlling for sex and DQ.