Table 3.
Percentage difference in biomarker levels between the reference group (the medium-stable group in men/postmenopausal women and the lean-stable/moderate group in premenopausal women) and the other trajectory groups in men (HPFS), postmenopausal (NHS+ NHS II) and premenopausal women (NHS+ NHS II)
| Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium-stable | Lean-moderate increase | Lean-marked increase | Medium-increase | |
| Biomarker | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) |
| Oestrone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 1 (−5, 6), p=0.77 | 6 (0, 13), p=0.05 | 5 (−2, 13), p=0.20 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 1 (−5, 6), p=0.82 | 3 (−4, 10), p=0.37 | 0 (−7, 9), p=0.91 |
| Oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −2 (−5, 2), p=0.39 | 2 (−2, 6), p=0.38 | 3 (−2, 8), p=0.27 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −2 (−5, 2), p=0.37 | −2 (−7, 2), p=0.34 | −3 (−8, 3), p=0.32 |
| SHBG | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −4 (−7, 0), p=0.06 | −17 (−20, −13), p<0.01 | −9 (−14, −5), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −5 (−8, −1), p=0.01 | −6 (−11, −2), p<0.01 | 4 (−2, 10), p=0.21 |
| Testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −2 (−6, 2), p=0.29 | −15 (−18, −11), p<0.01 | −13 (−18, −9), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −3 (−6, 1), p=0.15 | −4 (−8, 1), p=0.11 | −1 (−6, 5), p=0.81 |
| Free oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 0 (−4, 4), p=0.92 | 10 (5, 15), p<0.01 | 8 (2, 14), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 0 (−4, 4), p=0.94 | 0 (−5, 5), p=0.88 | −4 (−10, 1), p=0.13 |
| Free testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 1 (−2, 4), p=0.60 | −4 (−8, 0), p=0.03 | −8 (−12, −4), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 1 (−3, 5), p=0.59 | 0 (−4, 5), p=0.87 | −3 (−8, 2), p=0.20 |
| Oestradiol/testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 0 (−5, 5), p=0.97 | 18 (12, 24), p<0.01 | 19 (12, 27), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 0 (−4, 5), p=0.84 | 1 (−5, 6), p=0.82 | −2 (−8, 5), p=0.63 |
| Postmenopausal women | ||||
| Medium-stable | Lean-moderate increase | Lean-marked increase | Medium-increase | |
| Oestrone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 2 (−3, 7), p=0.43 | 21 (14, 28), p<0.01 | 34 (25, 43), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 5 (−2, 8), p=0.23 | 3 (−4, 11), p=0.36 | 2 (−6, 12), p=0.59 |
| Oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 3 (−2, 9), p=0.22 | 45 (37, 53), p<0.01 | 68 (57, 79), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 5 (0, 10), p=0.06 | 9 (2, 17), p<0.01 | 3 (0, 12), p=0.55 |
| SHBG | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −6 (−10, −3), p<0.01 | −29 (−32, −25), p<0.01 | −35 (−38, −31), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −9 (−12, −5), p<0.01 | −7 (−11, −2), p<0.01 | 6 (0, 14), p=0.06 |
| Testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 1 (−2, 4), p=0.56 | −4 (−8, 0), p=0.05 | −3 (−7, 1), p=0.16 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 1 (−2, 5), p=0.59 | −4 (−8, 1), p=0.13 | −3 (−9, 3), p=0.35 |
| Free oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 8 (2, 15), p<0.01 | 75 (63, 88), p<0.01 | 101 (86, 118), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 11 (5, 17), p<0.01 | 13 (5, 22), p<0.01 | −5 (−14, 6), p=0.38 |
| Free testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 7 (2, 11), p<0.01 | 26 (20, 32), p<0.01 | 35 (27, 42), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 9 (4, 13), p<0.01 | 3 (−3, 9), p=0.38 | −7 (−14, 0), p=0.05 |
| Oestradiol/Testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −1 (−6, 5), p=0.85 | 44 (35, 53), p<0.01 | 67 (55, 79), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 1 (−4, 7), p=0.74 | 6 (−1, 15), p=0.10 | 1 (−9, 11), p=0.86 |
| Premenopausal women | ||||
| Lean-stable/moderate increase | Lean-marked increase | Medium-stable/increase | Heavy-stable/increase | |
| Oestrone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −1 (−5, 4), p=0.76 | −1 (−5, 3), p=0.58 | 6 (−2, 14), p=0.16 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 0 (−5, 5), p=0.94 | −4 (−8, 0), p=0.04 | −4 (−12, 5), p=0.39 |
| Oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 2 (−6, 11), p=0.59 | −6 (−12, 0), p=0.06 | −5 (−17, 8), p=0.41 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 4 (−5, 13), p=0.39 | −3 (−10, 3), p=0.31 | 2 (−12, 18), p=0.79 |
| SHBG | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −1 (−5, 3), p=0.49 | −6 (−9, −3), p<0.01 | −28 (−33, −23), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −3 (−6, 1), p=0.15 | 8 (5, 12), p<0.01 | 11 (4, 19), p<0.01 |
| Testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −1 (−5, 2), p=0.45 | −1 (−4, 2), p=0.54 | −4 (−9, 2), p=0.17 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −1 (−5, 3), p=0.57 | 0 (−3, 3), p=0.93 | −3 (−9, 4), p=0.39 |
| Free oestradiol | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 2 (−6, 10), p=0.69 | −3 (−9, 3), p=0.29 | 10 (−3, 26), p=0.15 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 4 (−4, 14), p=0.31 | −8 (−14, −1), p=0.02 | −4 (−17, 11), p=0.60 |
| Free testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | −2 (−7, 2), p=0.31 | 4 (0, 8), p=0.06 | 23 (14, 33), p<0.01 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | −1 (−5, 4), p=0.78 | −7 (−11, −4), p<0.01 | −12 (−19, −5), p<0.01 |
| Oestradiol/Testosterone | ||||
| Multivariable-adjusted | 0 (reference) | 6 (−3, 15), p=0.20 | −5 (−11, 1), p=0.13 | −3 (−15, 12), p=0.70 |
| Further adjusted for current BMI | 0 (reference) | 7 (−2, 17), p=0.15 | −3 (−10, 4), p=0.43 | 5 (−10, 23), p=0.53 |
SHBG, Sex-hormone Binding Globulin; BMI, Body Mass Index; HPFS, Health Professional Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurse’ Health Study; NHS II, Nurse’ Health Study II.
Multivariate linear regression analyses with covariates adjusted for: age at blood draw, height, race, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, multivitamin use, AHEI dietary score, fasting status, regular aspirin/NSAID use, ever hormone use (women only)