Table 4.

Overview of methods to measure and quantify the impact of remote patient monitoring (RPM) interventions on clinical staff.

Theme and description			Studies
Time and activity analysis
	Activity timing Automatic recording of time spent on events and consultations Duration of use of RPM tools Cumulative time on activities Cumulative time on platform Frequency and quantity of alerts	Downey et al [32] Makhni et al [31] Rothgangel et al [30] Sousa et al [37] Timmerman et al [27] Wiadji et al [28]
	Activity mapping Current state mapping Implementation assessment Number of times telemonitoring tools were used Number of transmissions and events Selecting most busy times Nurses’ tasks	Augestad et al [38] Leppla et al [25] Rothgangel et al [30] Sousa et al [37] Timmerman et al [27]
	Comparative analysis with baseline (time spent on activities and number of in-hospital visits and events)	Harsha et al [21] Sousa et al [37]
	Hospital logistics Number of in-hospital visits Length of in-hospital visits Type of complications Type of resources Accessibility to resources (quantity and quality)	Augestad et al [38] Downey et al [32] Rothgangel et al [30]
	Cost savings based on time and resources used	Makhni et al [31]
Satisfaction and experience analysis
	Surveys and questionnaires Usability (eg, System Usability Score) Adherence to protocols Utility and efficiency of e-tools (frequency of incomplete data and effort and work needed for gathering extra data)	Downey et al [32] Leppla et al [25] McMullen et al [33] Parkes et al [29] Rothgangel et al [30] Timmerman et al [27] Wiadji et al [28]
	Interviews and focus groups	Das et al [22] Davoody and Hägglund [23] Downey et al [32] Dunphy et al [36] Jansson et al [41] Ke et al [24] Leppla et al [25] McMullen et al [33] Parkes et al [29] Sharif et al [34]
	Ethnographic research Observation Journey mapping	Augestad et al [38] Das et al [22] Leppla et al [25] McMullen et al [33]
	Co-design and cocreation sessions and workshops Critical incident technique—think-aloud approach—mock-ups	Sanger et al [26] McMullen et al [33] Rothgangel et al [30]
	Impact of alerts on performance and well-being	Downey et al [32]