Table 4.
Study | Asynchronous vs synchronous | Technology | Group vs individual | Yoga style | Yoga limbs | Duration (minutes per session) | Sessions per week | Number of weeks |
Armstrong et al [14] | Asynchronous | Video (type unspecified) | Individual | NSb | Breathing, postures, and relaxation | 30 | 4 | 10 |
Awdish et al [15] | Asynchronous | DVD and mobile app | Individual | Hatha and Iyengar | Breathing, postures, and meditation | NS | 3 to 6 | 8 |
Donesky et al [16] | Synchronous | Videoconference | Group | Iyengar | Breathing, postures, meditation, and relaxation | 60 | 2 | 8 |
Gunda et al [17] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | NS | Breathing, postures, and relaxation | 60 | 3 | 12 |
Huberty et al [18] | Asynchronous | Web-based videos | Individual | Hatha and Vinyasa | Breathing, postures, and meditation | Requested 60 min/week | Requested 60 min/week | 12 |
Huberty et al [23] | Asynchronous | Web-based videos | Individual | Gentle Hatha | Postures and meditation | 60 min week (LDc); 150 min/week (HDd) | 60 min/week (LD); 150 min/week (HD) | 12 |
Jasti et al [24] | Asynchronous and synchronous | Unspecified tele-yoga | NS | NS | Breathing and postures | 40 | ≥1 | 4 |
Kyeongra et al [19] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | Vinyasa | Breathing and postures | Required one 90-minute session, encouraged 2 more for “home practice” | Required one 90-minute session, encouraged 2 more for “home practice” | 8 |
Mullur et al [20] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | NS | Breathing and postures | 10 | As often as possible | 12 |
Sakuma et al [21] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | NS | Breathing and postures | 7.5 | Daily | 2 |
Schuver et al [22] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | Gentle Hatha | Breathing, postures, and meditation | 60 to 75 | 2 | 12 |
Stan et al [13] | Asynchronous | DVD | Individual | NS | Breathing and postures | 90 | 3 to 5 | 12 |
aInformation about the intervention characteristics such as the delivery method, including whether the intervention was delivered synchronously or asynchronously; the type of technology used; whether the intervention was delivered to a group or individual; and yoga intervention components, including the yoga style, yoga limbs, and intervention dose (frequency and duration).
bNS: not specified.
cLD: low dose.
dHD: high dose.