Table 5.

Outcome measures assessed in each study.

Study and type	Comparison	Outcomes
Armstrong et al [14], RCTa	Yoga video vs regular activity	Sit and reach testb Trunk extensionb Trunk flexion Shoulder extension Shoulder flexionb Left ankle flexibilityb Right ankle flexibilityb
Awdish et al [15], case series	Yoga video; no comparison	Subjective changes via journalingc Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2c 6-minute walk testc Oxygen saturationc
Donesky et al [16], quasi-experimental nonrandomized study	Yoga via videoconferencing vs health education phone call	Safety: see the Adverse Events and Safety section Acceptability: see the Intervention Adherence section Technical issues: see the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures section Upper and lower body muscle strength 6-minute walk test Symptoms following the 6-minute walk testb Quality of life: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaired Depression Personal Health Questionnaire-8 Overall dyspnea: Dyspnea-12 questionnaire General Sleep Disturbance Scale
Gunda et al [17], quasi-experimental nonrandomized pilot study	Yoga DVD; control not clearly described	Log of the number of presyncope and syncope events: in the intervention group, for those who finished the yoga regimen, there was a statistically significant improvement in the number of episodes of syncope and presyncope SFSQe: statistically significant decrease in the mean SFSQ score from the control phase to completion of the intervention phase Head-up tilt table: resting heart rate Blood pressure
Huberty et al [18], pilot RCT	Web-based yoga videos vs wait-list control	Yoga participation: see the Intervention Adherence section Adverse events: see the Adverse Events and Safety section Blood draw feasibility and practicality Inflammatory biomarkersc Fatigue: single item from the multifactor MPN-SAFc,f Multifactor MPN-SAF: total symptom scorec Quality of life: single item from the NIHg PROMISh Global Health measurec Sleep disturbance: Sleep Disturbance Scale Short Form 8ac Pain intensity: Pain Intensity Short Form 3ac Anxiety distress: Emotional Anxiety Short Form 8ac Depression emotional Distress: Depression Short Form 8ac Mental health: PROMISc Sexual function: 8-item for men; 10-item for womenc Physical health: PROMISc
Huberty et al [23], RCT	Web-based yoga videos, including 2 different doses vs stretch and tone control	Adherence: see the Intervention Adherence section Acceptability: all groups achieved satisfaction benchmarks Adverse events: see the Adverse Events and Safety section Demand: no group met the demand benchmark Impact of Event Scale State-trait Anxiety Inventory Patient Health Questionnaire-9i Perinatal Grief Scalei Self-Compassion Scalei Self-rated health (Short Form-12)i: a significant decrease in low-dose and control groups Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Mindful Attention Awareness Scale Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
Jasti et al [24], single-group open-label trial	Tele-yoga module	Adherence: see the Intervention Adherence section Difficulty rating: mean score indicated that the yoga module was easy to practice Feasibility: 92.6% of participants found the yoga to be safe and feasible Yoga Performance Assessment scaled Perceived Stress Scaled
Kyeongra et al [19], pilot RCT	Yoga DVD vs in-person yoga	Adherence: see the Intervention Adherence section Modifiable Activity Questionnaire Program satisfaction: see the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures section
Mullur et al [20], pilot RCT	Yoga DVD vs handout about yoga	Capillary blood glucoseb Heart rateb Diastolic blood pressureb Hemoglobin A1c Systolic blood pressure Weight BMI
Sakuma et al [21], RCT	Yoga DVD vs regular activities	Measure of body pain according to the Visual Analog Scale (range 0-100)j Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire Body weight BMI Flexibility (measure not described reported in comparator) Grip strength Functional reach test
Schuver et al [22], pilot RCT	Yoga DVD vs walking DVD	Beck Depression Inventoryd Ruminative Responses Scalek
Stan et al [13], pilot RCT	DVD vs strengthening DVD	Feasibility: see the Intervention Adherence section Safety: see the Adverse Events and Safety section Fatigue: Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Intervention Short Formd Quality of life: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapies–Breastd

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bStatistically significant between-group difference favoring the remote-delivered yoga group.

^cOnly effect sizes were calculated.

^dStatistically significant within-group differences.

^eSFSQ: Syncope Functional Status Questionnaire.

^fMPN-SAF: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form.

^gNIH: National Institutes of Health.

^hPROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.

ⁱStatistically significant improvements in the yoga group compared with the control group. Yoga comprised 2 different yoga intervention doses. For further details, refer to the study by Huberty et al [23].

^jStatistically significant improvement for individuals who demonstrated good adherence to the yoga group (≥6 times per 2 weeks) for low back pain, upper arm or neck pain, and menstrual pain.

^kStatistically significant between-group difference when controlling for baseline levels.