Table 1.
Study Characteristics.
| Author and study design | Groups and surgical technique description | Follow-up (mo) | Participants | Additional surgery | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tether (tether only (TO) + tether and crosslink (TC)) | |||||
| Alluri et al 2020
28
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 23.4 ± 14.1 | N = 34 | Age 62 ± 9; M/F 13:21 | Ost. n = 30, ACP n = 3 |
| TC: semitendinosus allograft interwoven between spinous processes UIV+1 and a crosslink between the rods at UIV−2. | 18.2 ± 9.4 | N = 49 | Age 64 ± 10; M/F 13:36 | Ost. n = 44, ACP n = 9 | |
| Buell et al 2018
29
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 28 (12-57)† | N = 64 | Age 66.1 ± 8.5; M/F 22:42 | Ost. n = 18 |
| TO: Hand-tightened 5-mm polyethylene tape through the spinous processes of UIV+1 and UIV−1 | 28 (12-57)† | N = 64 | Age 66.3 ± 10.9; M/F 31:43 | Ost. n = 17 | |
| TC: 5-mm polyethylene tape through the spinous processes of UIV+1 and tensioned by distal displacement of a crosslink between UIV−1 and UIV−2 | 28 (12-57)† | N = 56 | Age 66.6 ± 8.6; M/F 17:39 | Ost. n = 8 | |
| Buell et al 2019
30
Retrospective, Single center |
PS + TO + TC: Pedicle screws at UIV or polyethylene tape tied through the spinous processes of UIV+1 and either tied to UIV−1 or to a standard crosslink between UIV−1 and UIV−2. | 20 (3-56) | N = 120 | Age 67.3 ± 8.2; M/F 43:77 | Ost. n = 22 |
| Iyer et al 2020
31
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 17.6 ± 6.1 | N = 77 | *Age 51.3 ± 21.4 | *Ost. n = 51, IBF n = 13 |
| TO: 5-mm polyethylene tape through spinous processes of UIV+1 and looped below pedicle screws of UIV. This process was repeated at UIV, tied to UIV−1. | 17.4 ± 6.0 | N = 31 | *Age 64.1 ± 10.4 | *Ost. n = 28, IBF n = 18 |
|
| Line et al 2020
32
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 390 | Age 62.2 (19-86); M/F 121:296 | Unclear |
| TO: Polyethylene tape tied through the spinous processes of UIV+1 (and/or UIV+2) and UIV−1, reference to Buell et al 2019 28 | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 62 | Age 65.9 (41-84); M/F 15:47 | ||
| Safaee et al 2018
33
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 12 (6-26)† | N = 100 | *Age 62; M/F 29:71 | *UIV hook n = 18 *Vert. plasty. N = 25 |
| TO: Two soft translaminar cables are passed through the center of the spinous processes at UIV, UIV+1 and UIV−1, then the cable ends are locked to connecters bilaterally between UIV−2 and UIV−3 | 12 (6-26)† | N = 100 | *Age 66 (25-84); M/F 33:67 | Ost. n = 4 *UIV hook n = 42 *Vert.pl. n = 48 |
|
| Rodriguez-Fontan et al 2019
34
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | Minimum 24 | N = 60 | Age 62.1 ± 11.2; M/F 20:40 | Ost. n = 37 Vert.pl. n = 6 |
| TO: 5-mm braded polyethylene tape passed through the spinous process of UIV+1 and looped in a figure 8 way around the infra-adjacent spinous process and eventually tied through a cross-link or to the rods bilaterally. | Minimum 24 | N = 20 | Age 63.2 ± 10.9; M/F 9:11 | Ost. n = 10 Vert.pl. n = 1 |
|
| 2-level prophylactic vertebroplasty (2-PVP) | |||||
| Ghobrial et al 2017
35
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 27.9 ± 13.4 | N = 47 | *Age 58.3 ± 10.6; *M/F 14:33 | Dec. n = 34, Ost. n = 32 SH n = 15, *ALIF n = 21 |
| 2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 24.2 ± 9.77 | N = 38 | *Age 71.0 ± 6.8; *M/F 23:15 | Dec. n = 5, Ost. n = 28 SH n = 6, *ALIF n = 4 |
|
| Han et al 2019
36
Retrospective, Multi center |
PS | 22.6 ± 11.7 | N = 56 | Age 70.0 ± 5.1; M/F 55:51 | Ost. n = 36, |
| 2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 19.8 ± 13.3 | N = 28 | Age 70.8 ± 7.1 M/F 0:28 | Ost. n = 12 | |
| Hart et al 2008
37
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 15.5 (13-49) | N = 13 | Age 67.3 (60-77); M/F 0:15 | Unclear |
| 2/3-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 and/or UIV−1 | 17.3 (12-44) | N = 15 | Age 73.9 (60-87); M/F 0:13 | ||
| Line et al 2020
32
Prospective, Multi center |
PS | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 390 | Age 62.2 (19-86); M/F 121:296 | Unclear |
| 2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 58 | Age 65.0 (41-84); M/F 11:47 | ||
| Martin et al 2013
38
Prospective, Single center |
2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 32.3 (24-48) | N = 41 | Age 64.4 (41-80); M/F 4:34 | Ost. n = 27 |
| Raman et al 2017
39
Prospective, Single center |
2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 67.9 ± 30.9 | N = 39 | Age 65.6 ± 8.8; M/F 5:34 | Unclear |
| Theologis and Burch 2015
40
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 24.9 ± 15.4 | N = 23 | *Age 59.8 ± 13.0; M/F 9:14 | Ost. n = 9 |
| 1-PVP at UIV or UIV+1/2-PVP at UIV and UIV−1/3-PVP at UIV, UIV+1 and UIV−1 | 20.4 ± 15.6 | N = 9 | *Age 72.4 ± 7.8; M/F 4:5 | Ost. n = 3 | |
| 2-PVP: Prophylactic vertebroplasty at UIV and UIV+1 | 14.8 ± 8.3 | N = 19 | *Age 68.2 ± 6.3; M/F 9:10 | Ost. n = 6 | |
| Transverse process hooks (TPH) | |||||
| Hassanzadeh et al 2013
41
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 68.4 (44-88) | N = 27 | Age 51 (20-78); M/F 5:22 | Unclear |
| TPH: Transverse process hooks placed directly lateral to the lateral edge of the pedicle | 33,6 (24-69) | N = 20 | Age 46 (22-78); M/F 3:17 | ||
| Line et al 2020
32
Prospective, Multicentre |
PS | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 390 | *Age 62.2 (19-86); M/F 121:296 | Unclear |
| TPH: Transverse process hooks at UIV | 31.2 (8-83)† | N = 115 | *Age 58.8 (19-84); M/F 37:78 | ||
| Matsumura et al 2018
42
Retrospective, Single center |
PS | 42.9 (24-91)† | N = 22 | Age 65.5(42-83); M/F 2:37† | Ost. n = 10 Sublaminar taping n = 39 |
| TPH: Transverse process hooks at UIV | 42.9 (24-91)† | N = 17 | Age 69.3 (46-81); M/F 2:37† | ||
| Flexible rod (FR) | |||||
| Lee et al 2019
43
Retrospective, Single center |
Unclear / No-FR | 36.7 ± 9.8 | N = 47 |
Age 71.6 ± 5.1; M/F 2:75† |
*L2 Ost. n = 39, *L5-S1 ALIF n = 35 *L5-S1 PLIF n = 10 *Other OLIFn = 5 *Other PLIF n = 28 |
| FR: Flexible (Ti6Al-4 ELI alloy) rod allowing 15° flexion and 10° extension at the proximal junction. |
16.8 ± 4.7 | N = 30 |
Age 71.8 ± 5.2; M/F 2:75† |
*L2 Ost. n = 10 *L5-S1 ALIF n = 9 *L5-S1 PLIF n = 16 *Other OLIFn = 21 *Other PLIF n = 8 |
|
| Multilevel stabilization screw (MLSS) | |||||
| Sandquist et al 2015
44
Retrospective, Single center |
MLSS: PS at UIV is passed in a superior and oblique manner, ending in the vertebral body of UIV+1 | 30.7 (14-45) | N = 15 | Age 66.3 (44-84); M/F 4:11 | Unclear |
| Sublaminar tapes (ST) | |||||
| Viswanathan et al 2018
45
Prospective, Multi center |
ST: Sublaminar tapes at UIV+1 introduced from the inferior to the superior end bilaterally. | 12 (IQR 6-15) | N = 40 | Age 64 (57-70); M/F 16:24 | Laminectomies, Ost. |
Values are presented as “mean value ± Standard Deviation” or “median (range).”
* Indicates that the mentioned study has reported these values as significantly different between groups.
†Indicates that the mentioned study only reported these values for the entire cohort, not per intervention group.
2-PVP: 2-level prophylactic vertebroplasty, ACP: anterior column procedure, Ant.: anterior, A-, P-, O-LIF: anterior-, posterior-, oblique lumbar interbody fusion, BMI: body mass index (kg/m2), FR: flexible rod, IBF: interbody fusion, Dec: Decompression, IQR: Interquartile range, Levels: amount of levels fused, M/F: male/female ratio, MLSS: multilevel stabilization screws, n: number of patients, PS: pedicle screw at the UIV (control group), Ost.: osteotomy, SH: sublaminar hooks, ST: sublaminar tapes, TC: tether attached to crosslink at the UIV, TO: tether only at the UIV, TPH: transverse process hooks, UIV: upper instrumented vertebrae.