Table 3.

Average Direct Health Care Costs/charges* Per Case.

Ref.	Study	country	Cost of care. Mean (Median) Mean ± SD (median) costs per case in 2020 USD	Mean cost / GDP per capita (%)
	Acute hospital care
36	New and Jackson, 2010	Australia	Traumatic: $54,718 (24,254) Nontraumatic: $18,700 (10,066) All: $29,555 (11,300)	126 43 68
37	Vaikuntam et al, 2019	Australia	$61,187 ± 79,992 (36,706)	110
31	Mac-Thiong, 2012	Canada	ALL: $28,682 ± 20,475 < 24 h surgical delay: 24,370 ± 16,375 > 24 h surgical delay: 29,727 ± 21,237	47 40 49
32	Munce, 2013	Canada	$35,457 ± 45,760	73
35	Porgo et al, 2019	Canada	($9,980) IQR: (6,096-17,633)	–
38	Li, 2011	China	$4,860	123
40	Kawu et al, 2011	Nigeria	$290	13
42	Yang et al, 2008	Taiwan	$2,485 ± 4,661	12
43	Lessing et, al 2020	Tanzania	Operative: $757 Nonoperative: $219	69 20
16	Johnson et al, 1996	USA	$132,525 (86,480)*	281
25	DeVivo et al, 2011	USA	$337,400*	59
28	Sikka et al, 2019	USA	($92,220)* IQR: 43,390-171,750	–
	Rehabilitation
32	Munce, 2013	Canada	$106,895 ± 74,088	273
30	Bradbury et al, 2008	Canada	$180,464 ± 125,067	353
15	Chan et al, 1997	USA	$78,969*	156
16	Johnson et al, 1996	USA	$105,972 (54,727)*	224
19	McKinley et al, 2001	USA	Nontraumatic: $38,029* Traumatic: $99,916*	77 201
25	DeVivo et al, 2011	USA	$190,620*	333
26	Deutsch et al, 2011	USA	$32,222 ± 21,317 (28,814)	55
	First Year
32	Munce et al, 2013	Canada	$119,867	248
16	Johnson et al, 1996	USA	$300,875 (216,963)*	638
25	DeVivo et al, 2011	USA	$634,496*	1101
	Ensuing years
16	Johnson et al, 1994	USA	$52,758 (7,066)*	743
23	French et al, 2007	USA	$28,581	49
24	Yu et al, 2008	USA	Last year: 93,543 (59,541) The year before: 37,628 (12,240)	–
25	DeVivo et al, 2011	USA	$96,746*	169
27	Krause et al, 2019	USA	$17,953*	29

* Charges instead of costs.