Table 1.
Characteristics of study cohort included at 5 years endpoints
| Overall (N = 11,298) | CABG (N = 5158) | PCI (N = 6140) | SMD | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | MV-weighted | ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 67.48 (10.70) | 68.84 (9.76) | 66.33 (11.31) | 0.238 | 0.002 |
| GENDER: Male (%) | 8513 (75.3) | 4000 (77.5) | 4513 (73.5) | 0.094 | 0.003 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | 0.118 | 0.006 | |||
| Asian | 1151 (10.2) | 596 (11.6) | 555 (9.0) | ||
| Black | 795 (7.0) | 305 (5.9) | 490 (8.0) | ||
| Hispanic | 2346 (20.8) | 1064 (20.6) | 1282 (20.9) | ||
| Other | 351 (3.1) | 141 (2.7) | 210 (3.4) | ||
| White | 6655 (58.9) | 3052 (59.2) | 3603 (58.7) | ||
| Education: more than 75% high school graduate (%) | 8527 (75.5) | 3976 (77.1) | 4551 (74.1) | 0.069 | 0.001 |
| Income: median household more than $45,000 (%) | 8301 (73.5) | 3848 (74.6) | 4453 (72.5) | 0.047 | 0.006 |
| Insurance type: medicare or medicaid (%) | 3457 (30.6) | 1724 (33.4) | 1733 (28.2) | 0.113 | 0.004 |
| BMI (mean (SD)) | 29.03 (5.91) | 28.76 (5.66) | 29.25 (6.11) | 0.083 | 0.003 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Pulmonary embolism (%) | 114 (1.0) | 55 (1.1) | 59 (1.0) | 0.011 | < 0.001 |
| Deep venous thrombosis (%) | 292 (2.6) | 196 (3.8) | 96 (1.6) | 0.139 | 0.015 |
| Present of prosthetic heart valve (%) | 364 (3.2) | 292 (5.7) | 72 (1.2) | 0.249 | 0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 3812 (33.7) | 1281 (24.8) | 2531 (41.2) | 0.354 | 0.002 |
| Heart failure (%) | 3048 (27.0) | 1692 (32.8) | 1356 (22.1) | 0.242 | 0.006 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 2438 (21.6) | 1630 (31.6) | 808 (13.2) | 0.454 | 0.002 |
| Heart valve disease (%) | 2743 (24.3) | 1738 (33.7) | 1005 (16.4) | 0.408 | 0.005 |
| Congenital heart disease (%) | 293 (2.6) | 197 (3.8) | 96 (1.6) | 0.14 | 0.002 |
| Disorders of lipoid metabolism (%) | 9932 (87.9) | 4629 (89.7) | 5303 (86.4) | 0.104 | < 0.001 |
| Atherosclerosis (%) | 3788 (33.5) | 2064 (40.0) | 1724 (28.1) | 0.254 | 0.003 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage (%) | 70 (0.6) | 38 (0.7) | 32 (0.5) | 0.027 | 0.004 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding (%) | 541 (4.8) | 263 (5.1) | 278 (4.5) | 0.027 | 0.004 |
| Other bleeding (%) | 1360 (12.0) | 681 (13.2) | 679 (11.1) | 0.066 | 0.003 |
| Stroke or cardiovascular accident (%) | 2524 (22.3) | 1397 (27.1) | 1127 (18.4) | 0.209 | 0.007 |
| High blood pressure (%) | 9855 (87.2) | 4630 (89.8) | 5225 (85.1) | 0.141 | 0.007 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4986 (44.1) | 2498 (48.4) | 2488 (40.5) | 0.16 | < 0.001 |
| Arrhythmias (%) | 4689 (41.5) | 2501 (48.5) | 2188 (35.6) | 0.263 | 0.003 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 3452 (30.6) | 1830 (35.5) | 1622 (26.4) | 0.197 | 0.002 |
| Dementia (%) | 49 (0.4) | 12 (0.2) | 37 (0.6) | 0.057 | 0.002 |
| Acute pulmonary heart disease (%) | 683 (6.0) | 467 (9.1) | 216 (3.5) | 0.23 | 0.009 |
| Chronic pulmonary heart disease (%) | 3027 (26.8) | 1531 (29.7) | 1496 (24.4) | 0.12 | 0.003 |
| Rheumatic disease (%) | 287 (2.5) | 128 (2.5) | 159 (2.6) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease (%) | 196 (1.7) | 95 (1.8) | 101 (1.6) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
| Hemiplegia (%) | 103 (0.9) | 46 (0.9) | 57 (0.9) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Neurologic disorder (%) | 601 (5.3) | 301 (5.8) | 300 (4.9) | 0.042 | < 0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism (%) | 1439 (12.7) | 681 (13.2) | 758 (12.3) | 0.026 | 0.002 |
| Malignant cancer (%) | 851 (7.5) | 393 (7.6) | 458 (7.5) | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Liver disease (%) | 671 (5.9) | 329 (6.4) | 342 (5.6) | 0.034 | 0.005 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (Hiv) (%) | 1263 (11.2) | 1042 (20.2) | 221 (3.6) | 0.53 | 0.009 |
| Obesity (%) | 3309 (29.3) | 1639 (31.8) | 1670 (27.2) | 0.101 | 0.003 |
| Weight loss (%) | 577 (5.1) | 300 (5.8) | 277 (4.5) | 0.059 | 0.006 |
| Anemia (%) | 436 (3.9) | 226 (4.4) | 210 (3.4) | 0.05 | 0.001 |
| Drug abuse (%) | 1296 (11.5) | 543 (10.5) | 753 (12.3) | 0.055 | 0.006 |
| Psychosis (%) | 133 (1.2) | 64 (1.2) | 69 (1.1) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Depression (%) | 1716 (15.2) | 757 (14.7) | 959 (15.6) | 0.026 | 0.004 |
| Medication history | |||||
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (%) | 155 (1.4) | 52 (1.0) | 103 (1.7) | 0.058 | < 0.001 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (Ace) inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blockers (Arbs) (%) | 7143 (63.2) | 3456 (67.0) | 3687 (60.0) | 0.145 | 0.007 |
| Aldosterone Antagonist (%) | 273 (2.4) | 136 (2.6) | 137 (2.2) | 0.026 | 0.002 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs (%) | 262 (2.3) | 138 (2.7) | 124 (2.0) | 0.043 | 0.002 |
| Anticoagulants (%) | 874 (7.7) | 457 (8.9) | 417 (6.8) | 0.077 | 0.005 |
| Antiplatelet drugs (%) | 2162 (19.1) | 676 (13.1) | 1486 (24.2) | 0.288 | 0.009 |
| Beta blocker (%) | 6983 (61.8) | 3363 (65.2) | 3620 (59.0) | 0.129 | 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 3051 (27.0) | 1530 (29.7) | 1521 (24.8) | 0.11 | 0.003 |
| Colchicine (%) | 306 (2.7) | 138 (2.7) | 168 (2.7) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Digoxin (%) | 377 (3.3) | 189 (3.7) | 188 (3.1) | 0.033 | 0.003 |
| Diuretics (%) | 1849 (16.4) | 952 (18.5) | 897 (14.6) | 0.104 | 0.004 |
| Hydralazine (%) | 506 (4.5) | 257 (5.0) | 249 (4.1) | 0.045 | < 0.001 |
| Nitrate (%) | 1658 (14.7) | 771 (14.9) | 887 (14.4) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 7868 (69.6) | 3809 (73.8) | 4059 (66.1) | 0.169 | 0.004 |
Myocardial infarction reported included MI diagnosed for only once at outpatient setting during baseline or non-primary diagnosis