Table 1.
Demographics and Comorbidities Among Patients Undergoing Total Ankle Arthroplasty
| Demographics/ Comorbidities | General Anesthesia | General + Regional Anesthesia | p-value: general + regional anesthesia vs general anesthesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total patients, n | 878 | 206 | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.713¶ | ||
| Female | 418 (47.6) | 101 (49.0) | |
| Male | 460 (52.4) | 105 (51.0) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.176¶ | ||
| Caucasian | 791 (90.1) | 193 (93.7) | |
| Black or African American | 29 (3.3) | 9 (4.4) | |
| Hispanic | 43 (4.9) | 4 (1.9) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Asian | 12 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| ASA, n (%) | 0.892¶ | ||
| I | 33 (3.8) | 7 (3.4) | |
| II | 495 (56.4) | 112 (54.4) | |
| III | 341 (38.8) | 84 (40.8) | |
| IV | 9 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Smoker, n (%) | 81 (9.2) | 18 (8.7) | 0.827¶ |
| Functional status preoperative, n (%) | 0.469¶ | ||
| Independent | 865 (99.1) | 199 (98.5) | |
| Partially dependent | 8 (0.9) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Mean age, yrs (SD) | 63.92 (10.31) | 63.70 (10.19) | 0.782** |
| Mean BMI (SD) | 31.37 (6.00) | 31.31 (5.52) | 0.904** |
| COPD, n (%) | 23 (2.6) | 6 (2.9) | 0.815 |
| CHF, n (%) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.884 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 490 (55.8) | 127 (61.7) | 0.128 |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.401 |
| Steroid use, n (%) | 31 (3.5) | 14 (6.8) | 0.034 |
| Bleeding disorder, n (%) | 28 (3.2) | 7 (3.4) | 0.879 |
| DM status, n (%) | 0.032 | ||
| No DM | 778 (88.6) | 169 (82.0) | |
| Noninsulin-dependent DM | 80 (9.1) | 28 (13.6) | |
| Insulin-dependent DM | 20 (2.3) | 9 (4.4) | |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 0.060 | ||
| No dyspnea | 851 (96.9) | 194 (94.2) | |
| Moderate exertion | 24 (2.7) | 12 (5.8) | |
| At rest | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
¶Pearson’s chi-squared test
**Analysis of variance
Bolding equals significance p<0.05
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; DM, diabetes mellitus.