Table 1.
Characteristics of participants among four groups of drinking behavior change patterns (n = 4127)
| Drinking behavior change pattern | Total | P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never drinking | Change to be drinkers | Quit drinking | Keep drinking | |||
| Participants (n) | 2187 | 424 | 532 | 984 | 4127 | |
| Age (years) | 54.5 (± 11.1) | 49.4 (± 12.2) | 56.8 (± 11.1) | 53.8 (± 10.4) | 54.6 (± 11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 369 (16.9) | 302 (71.2) | 368 (69.2) | 935 (95.0) | 1974 (47.8) | < 0.001 |
| Education (years) | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 475 (21.7) | 42 (9.9) | 64 (12.1) | 54 (5.5) | 635 (15.4) | |
| 1–6 | 805 (36.8) | 122 (28.8) | 187 (35.0) | 311 (31.6) | 1425 (34.5) | |
| 7–9 | 607 (27.7) | 171 (40.2) | 176 (33.2) | 376 (38.3) | 1330 (32.1) | |
| 10–12 | 180 (8.2) | 47 (11.1) | 60 (11.3) | 143 (14.6) | 430 (10.4) | |
| > 12 | 120 (5.5) | 42 (9.9) | 45 (8.5) | 100 (10.2) | 307 (7.4) | |
| Rural (%) | 1634 (74.7) | 288 (67.9) | 367 (69.0) | 702 (71.3) | 2991 (72.5) | 0.003 |
| Anthropometry parameters | ||||||
| Waist (cm) | 82 (± 10) | 82 (± 10) | 84 (± 10) | 85 (± 10) | 83 (± 10) | < 0.001 |
| Hip (cm) | 94 (± 8) | 94 (± 7) | 94 (± 8) | 94 (± 8) | 94 (± 8) | 0.531 |
| Obese WHR | 1155 (54.4) | 177 (42.9) | 233 (45.5) | 457 (48.3) | 2022 (49.0) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.002 | |||||
| Lean (< 18.5) | 129 (5.9) | 26 (6.1) | 22 (4.1) | 41 (4.2) | 218 (5.3) | |
| Normal (18.5–23.9) | 1185 (54.2) | 236 (55.7) | 303 (57.0) | 543 (55.2) | 2267 (54.9) | |
| Overweight (24–27.9) | 648 (29.6) | 120 (28.3) | 159 (29.9) | 340 (34.6) | 1267 (30.7) | |
| Obesity (≥ 28.0) | 225 (10.3) | 42 (9.9) | 48 (9.0) | 60 (6.1) | 375 (9.1) | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 125 (± 19) | 122 (± 17) | 126 (± 18) | 126 (± 17) | 125 (± 19) | 0.010 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 80 (± 11) | 80 (± 11) | 81 (± 10) | 83 (± 12) | 81 (± 11) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 557 (29.4) | 86 (22.7) | 149 (34.1) | 244 (29.6) | 1036 (25.1) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 56 (2.6) | 5 (1.2) | 19 (3.6) | 25 (2.5) | 105 (2.5) | 0.142 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5 (± 2) | 5 (± 2) | 5 (± 2) | 6 (± 2) | 5 (± 2) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia | 258 (11.8) | 68 (16.0) | 92 (17.3) | 222 (22.6) | 640 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1314 (60.1) | 236 (55.7) | 327 (61.5) | 619 (62.9) | 2496 (60.5) | 0.075 |
| eGFR (ml/ min/l.73m2) | 68 (± 18) | 83 (± 33) | 79 (± 15) | 83 (± 14) | 81 (± 18) | < 0.001 |
| History of MI | 22 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 9 (1.7) | 6 (0.6) | 40 (1.0) | 0.208 |
| History of apoplexy | 16 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 14 (2.6) | 8 (0.8) | 41 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Health-related behavior | ||||||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 1929 (88.2) | 206 (48.6) | 335 (63.0) | 311 (31.6) | 2781 (67.4) | |
| Ever | 33 (1.5) | 27 (6.4) | 31 (5.8) | 40 (4.1) | 131 (3.2) | |
| Current | 224 (10.3) | 191 (45.1) | 166 (31.2) | 633 (64.3) | 1214 (29.4) | |
| Tea intake | 600 (27.4) | 212 (50.0) | 187 (35.2) | 493 (50.1) | 1492 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
| Coffee intake | 25 (1.2) | 16 (3.8) | 7 (1.3) | 18 (1.8) | 66 (1.6) | 0.001 |
| Total protein intake (g/day) | 59 (± 18) | 68 (± 18) | 63 (± 19) | 68 (± 18) | 63 (± 19) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity level (METs/week) | 0.870 | |||||
| Low (< 49.6) | 728 (33.3) | 130 (30.7) | 185 (34.8) | 333 (33.8) | 1376 (33.3) | |
| Medium (49.6 ~ 143.7) | 729 (33.3) | 150 (35.4) | 168 (31.6) | 328 (33.3) | 1375 (33.3) | |
| High (> 143.7) | 730 (33.4) | 144 (34.0) | 179 (33.7) | 323 (32.8) | 1376 (33.3) | |
Abbreviation: BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MI myocardial infarction, SUA serum uric acid, WHR waist to hip circumference ratio. Data are presented as No. (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR)
*P values were calculated by using T-test or Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables
133 participants were not available for WHR; 591 participants were not available for hypertension; 31 participants were not available for drinking frequency; 9 participants were not available for coffee intake; 7 participants were not available for tea intake; 3 participants were not available for the history of myocardial infarction; 1 participant was not available for the history of apoplexy; 1 participant was not available for smoking status; 26 participants were not available for drinking frequency; 9 participants were not available for beer drinking; 10 participants were not available for wine drinking; 11 participants were not available for liquor drinking