Table 1.
Baseline socio-demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | N = 195 |
|---|---|
| Age (years) mean (*SD) | 62 (11.50) |
| Female gender, n (%) | 141 (72.31) |
| Level of education, n (%): | |
| None | 47 (24.10) |
| Primary | 91 (46.67) |
| Secondary | 31 (15.90) |
| Tertiary | 26 (13.33) |
| Occupation, n (%): | |
| Peasant farming | 108 (55.38) |
| Business | 19 (9.74) |
| Employed | 30 (15.38) |
| Others | 38 (19.47) |
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (*IQR) | 10 (7, 15) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 146 (74.87) |
| History of smoking, n (%): | |
| Never | 160 (82.05) |
| Current | 1 (0.51) |
| Former | 34 (17.44) |
| Symptoms at enrolment, n (%): | |
| Paresthesia | 119 (61.03) |
| Blurry vision | 125(64.10) |
| Erectile dysfunction | 15 (7.69) |
| Others | 49 (64.10) |
| Systolic blood pressure at enrolment (mmHg), median (IQR) | 145 (128, 158) |
| Diastolic blood pressure at enrolment (mmHg), median (IQR) | 81 (75, 89) |
| Body mass index categories in kg/m2, n (%): | |
| Underweight (below 18.5) | 5 (2.58) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 59 (30.41) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 70 (36.08) |
| Obesity (30 and above) | 60 (30.93) |
| Positive *HIV status, n (%) | 14 (7.18) |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%), median (IQR) | 9.1 (7.7, 10.9) |
| Glycated hemoglobin categories in %, n (%): | |
| Less than 7 | 27 (13.85) |
| 7 and more | 168 (86.15) |
| Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 3.02 (2.3, 3.9) |
| Low-density lipoproteins categories (mmol/L), n (%): | |
| Optimal (< 2.6) | 71 (36.41) |
| Near-optimal/above optimal (2.6–3.3) | 39 (20.00) |
| Borderline high (3.4–4.1) | 50 (25.64) |
| High (4.2–4.9) | 18 (9.23) |
| Very high (≥ 5) | 17 (8.72) |
| Urine albumin creatinine ratio (mg/mol), median (IQR) | 266.6 (100, 500) |
| Left ventricular diastolic function categories, n (%): | |
| Normal | 27 (13.85) |
| Grade 1 diastolic dysfunction | 127 (65.13) |
| Grade 2 diastolic dysfunction | 31 (15.90) |
| Grade 3 diastolic dysfunction | 10 (5.13) |
SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, HIV human immunodeficiency virus