Table 3.
The relationships between possible risk factors and prognostic factors and mRS at 1 year-follow up
| Baseline mRS | mRS at 1 year-follow up | Percent change (%) | Patients with mRS > 2 / Total patients | β a (SE) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Female (ref.) | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 1. ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 34.2 | 8/19 | -0.1(0.6) | 0.824 |
| Male | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 26.3 ± 35.7 | 9/28 | ||
| Age | ||||||
| < 45 (ref.) | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 24.3 ± 32.2 | 12/31 | 1.8(0.4) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 45 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 10.4 ± 41.2 | 5/16 | ||
| Vessel | ||||||
| Carotid (ref.) | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 31.5 | 11/28 | 0.5(0.6) | 0.341 |
| Vertebral | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 32.7 ± 38.3 | 6/19 | ||
| Side | ||||||
| Right (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 21.3 ± 43.4 | 11/26 | 0.04(0.5) | 0.948 |
| Left | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 17.4 ± 23.8 | 6/21 | ||
| Headache | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 35.1 | 8/14 | -1.2(0.6) | 0.058 |
| Yes | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 26.9 ± 33.9 | 9/33 | ||
| Neck pain | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 11.6 ± 35.7 | 13/27 | -0.7(0.6) | 0.193 |
| Yes | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 30.4 ± 33.7 | 4/20 | ||
| Progression of symptoms | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 22.0 ± 38.4 | 13/38 | 1.0(0.7) | 0.136 |
| Yes | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 18.8 | 4/9 | ||
| Addiction | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 20.7 ± 36.5 | 14/38 | 0.6(0.7) | 0.391 |
| Yes | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 14.8 ± 33.8 | 3/9 | ||
| Alcohol | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 18.6 ± 34.6 | 16/44 | -0.1(1.2) | 0.964 |
| Yes | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 33.3 ± 57.7 | 1/3 | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 17.2 ± 34.2 | 15/37 | -0.3(0.7) | 0.695 |
| Yes | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 28.3 ± 41.6 | 2/10 | ||
| OCP use | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 35.2 | 7/18 | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1/1 | ||
| Infection | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 20.2 ± 36.7 | 17/43 | 0.5(0.9) | 0.604 |
| Yes | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 25.0 | 0/4 | ||
| Exercise | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 16.9 ± 33.6 | 16/44 | -3.1(1.5) | 0.037* |
| Yes | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 58.3 ± 52.0 | 1/3 | ||
| Cough | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 20.2 ± 36.7 | 16/44 | 0.5(0.9) | 0.604 |
| Yes | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 25.0 | 1/3 | ||
| History of trauma | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 16.9 ± 27.5 | 12/34 | -1.0(0.7) | 0.167 |
| Yes | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 26.6 ± 52.3 | 5/13 | ||
| Trauma type | ||||||
| Minor (ref.) | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | -12.5 ± 62.9 | 2/4 | N/A | N/A |
| Major | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 44.0 ± 38.9 | 3/9 | ||
| Vasculitis test result | ||||||
| Negative (ref.) | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 22.0 ± 29.7 | 9/20 | -0.9(1.6) | 0.574 |
| Positive | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 33.3 ± 47.1 | 0/2 | ||
| Homocysteine test result | ||||||
| Negative (ref.) | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 25.4 ± 31.7 | 7/19 | 0.9(1.1) | 0.425 |
| Positive | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 14.4 | 2/3 | ||
| Previous headache/ Migraine | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 18.6 ± 36.3 | 15/37 | -0.2(0.7) | 0.781 |
| Yes | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 23.3 ± 35.3 | 2/10 | ||
| New headache | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 15.3 ± 36.7 | 13/31 | -0.5(0.6) | 0.383 |
| Yes | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 27.9 ± 35.7 | 4/16 | ||
| Change in the pattern of headaches | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 26.6 ± 43.4 | 0/5 | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 20.0 ± 29.8 | 2/5 | ||
| Recanalization | ||||||
| No (ref.) | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 48.7 | 4/11 | 0.02(0.7) | 0.978 |
| Yes | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 19.0 ± 29.5 | 10/25 | ||
| Medication | ||||||
| Double anti platelet (ref.) | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 21.0 ± 38.2 | 14/37 | 0.3(0.7) | 0.617 |
| Anti-coagulant | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 25.4 | 3/10 | ||
mRS Modified Rankin scale, OCP Oral Contraceptive Pill, SE Standard Error, N/A Not Applicable as there was not enough data to fit ordinal logistic model
a Coefficient regression resulted from ordinal logistic regression model included bassline mRS as covariate