Skip to main content
. 2022 Mar 28;45(6):1335–1345. doi: 10.2337/dc21-2492

Table 2.

Temporal trends in 5-year diabetes treatment intensification among those initially treated with metformin monotherapy

Metformin start year
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
All participants
 n intensified treatment 8,245 8,831 9,347 9,000 9,005 8,899 8,971 8,286 8,547
 Total N 17,445 20,237 22,082 22,424 22,595 23,195 24,476 23,074 23,514
 % intensified treatment 47.3 43.6 42.3 40.1 39.9 38.4 36.7 35.9 36.3
 Unadjusted model
  HR Ref. 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.69
  95% CI NA 0.87, 0.92 0.83, 0.88 0.78, 0.82 0.77, 0.82 0.72, 0.77 0.68, 0.72 0.66, 0.70 0.67, 0.71
  P NA <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
 Adjusted model*
  HR Ref. 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.68
  95% CI NA 0.87, 0.92 0.85, 0.90 0.80, 0.85 0.79, 0.84 0.73, 0.78 0.68, 0.72 0.65, 0.70 0.66, 0.70
  P NA <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
≤55 years old
 n intensified treatment 2,171 2,270 2,390 2,385 2,571 2,638 2,639 2,560 2,729
 Total N 3,723 4,145 4,353 4,516 4,848 5,186 5,386 5,187 5,423
 % intensified treatment 58.3 54.8 54.9 52.8 53.0 50.9 49.0 49.4 50.3
 Unadjusted model
  HR Ref. 0.91 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.76 0.78
  95% CI NA 0.86, 0.96 0.85, 0.96 0.81, 0.92 0.82, 0.92 0.76, 0.85 0.72, 0.80 0.71, 0.80 0.74, 0.83
  P NA 0.001 0.0008 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
 Adjusted model*
  HR Ref. 0.91 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.77
  95% CI NA 0.85, 0.96 0.85, 0.96 0.81, 0.91 0.82, 0.92 0.76, 0.85 0.72, 0.81 0.70, 0.78 0.73, 0.82
  P NA 0.002 0.0005 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
>55 years old
 n intensified treatment 6,074 6,561 6,957 6,615 6,434 6,261 6,332 5,726 5,818
 Total N 13,722 16,092 17,729 17,908 17,747 18,009 19,090 17,887 18,091
 % intensified treatment 44.3 40.8 39.2 36.9 36.3 34.8 33.2 32.0 32.2
 Unadjusted model
  HR Ref. 0.89 0.85 0.78 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.64
  95% CI NA 0.86, 0.92 0.82, 0.88 0.76, 0.81 0.74, 0.79 0.69, 0.74 0.65, 0.70 0.62, 0.67 0.62, 0.67
  P NA <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
 Adjusted model*
  HR Ref. 0.89 0.87 0.81 0.79 0.74 0.68 0.65 0.64
  95% CI NA 0.86, 0.93 0.84, 0.90 0.79, 0.84 0.76, 0.82 0.71, 0.76 0.66, 0.71 0.63, 0.67 0.62, 0.67
  P NA <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
*

Adjusted models included adjustment for sex, race, baseline age, HbA1c, creatinine, and BMI. NA, not applicable; Ref., referent.