Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants from the JDRF Biomarkers Consortium for whom urinary proteomics were measured
| Discovery set (n = 630) | Validation set (n = 640) | Overall (n = 1,270) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case subjects (n = 249)* | Control subjects (n = 381)** | Case subjects (n = 259)* | Control subjects (n = 381)** | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 129 (52) | 185 (49) | 114 (44) | 197 (52) | 625 (49) |
| Female | 120 (48) | 196 (51) | 145 (56) | 184 (48) | 645 (51) |
| Age (years) | 40.1 (12.7) | 45.7 (12.6) | 40.2 (12.3) | 44.8 (12.4) | 43.2 (12.7) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| White | 245 (98) | 376 (99) | 252 (97) | 376 (99) | 1,249 (98) |
| Black | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 2 (0) | 5 (0) |
| Hispanic | 1 (0) | 2 (0) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | 9 (1) |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Never | 110 (44) | 145 (38) | 102 (39) | 134 (35) | 491 (39) |
| Past | 45 (18) | 51 (13) | 50 (19) | 58 (15) | 204 (16) |
| Current | 54 (22) | 37 (10) | 68 (26) | 50 (13) | 209 (16) |
| Medical history and clinical characteristics | |||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 26.0 (12.1) | 28.0 (13.2) | 26.4 (12.3) | 27.3 (12.7) | 27.1 (12.7) |
| Retinopathy status | |||||
| Present | 114 (46) | 184 (48) | 123 (48) | 178 (47) | 599 (47) |
| Not present | 124 (50) | 182 (48) | 128 (49) | 184 (48) | 618 (49) |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 96.9 (11.8) | 94.5 (11.3) | 96.1 (11.6) | 94.2 (10.5) | 95.2 (11.3) |
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 133.3 (20.8) | 130.8 (19.4) | 132.9 (20.3) | 129.4 (17.3) | 131.3 (19.3) |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 78.7 (10.6) | 76.3 (10.1) | 77.7 (10.8) | 76.6 (9.9) | 77.2 (10.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 (3.9) | 25.7 (4.0) | 25.8 (4.3) | 25.4 (3.8) | 25.6 (4.0) |
| ACEi or ARB use | |||||
| Yes | 121 (49) | 190 (50) | 129 (50) | 176 (46) | 616 (48) |
| No | 123 (49) | 191 (50) | 123 (48) | 205 (54) | 642 (51) |
| Hypertension diagnosis | |||||
| Yes | 138 (55) | 158 (42) | 149 (58) | 148 (39) | 593 (47) |
| No | 100 (40) | 208 (55) | 102 (39) | 215 (56) | 625 (49) |
| Laboratory data at baseline | |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.7 (1.6) | 8.3 (1.2) | 9.0 (1.7) | 8.3 (1.0) | 8.5 (1.4) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 98.4 (25.4) | 91.9 (18.6) | 98.8 (25.7) | 91.7 (18.0) | 94.4 (21.6) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (Q1, Q3) | 103.6 (81.0, 117.5) | 90.8 (79.0, 105.4) | 106.0 (78.3, 117.0) | 90.7 (79.4, 105.0) | 94.7 (79.4, 109.9) |
| UACR (mg/g) | 316.2 (657.6) | 67.5 (206.2) | 369.4 (754.5) | 49.9 (126.2) | 171.6 (485.5) |
| UACR (mg/g), median (Q1, Q3) | 35.9 (6.6, 288.8) | 9.9 (5.0, 35.1) | 35.0 (7.9, 380.5) | 9.7 (5.0, 34.1) | 13.4 (5.6, 77.9) |
| Urine creatinine (mmol/L) | 6.2 (3.2) | 7.8 (4.9) | 6.4 (3.8) | 7.2 (4.3) | 7.0 (4.3) |
| UACR group (mg/g) | |||||
| Macro: ≥300 | 56 (22) | 18 (5) | 68 (26) | 11 (3) | 153 (12) |
| Micro: >30 and <300 | 68 (27) | 84 (22) | 59 (23) | 88 (23) | 299 (24) |
| Normo: ≤30 | 117 (47) | 269 (71) | 119 (46) | 270 (71) | 775 (61) |
| eGFR slope (mL/min/1.73 m2/year) | −5.4 (2.8) | 0.4 (1.4) | −6.0 (5.8) | 0.5 (1.4) | −2.0 (4.3) |
| eGFR slope (mL/min/1.73 m2/year), median (Q1, Q3) | −4.3 (−6.3, −3.5) | 0.0 (−0.6, 0.9) | −4.4 (−7.0, −3.5) | 0.1 (−0.5, 1.0) | −0.7 (−3.9, 0.3) |
| Cohort | |||||
| FinnDiane Study | 140 (56) | 133 (35) | 150 (58) | 138 (36) | 561 (44) |
| Steno | 41 (16) | 138 (36) | 39 (15) | 134 (35) | 352 (28) |
| EDC | 30 (12) | 38 (10) | 33 (13) | 37 (10) | 138 (11) |
| CACTI | 38 (15) | 72 (19) | 37 (14) | 72 (19) | 219 (17) |
Data are mean (SD) for age, diabetes duration, mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, BMI, Hemoglobin A1c, eGFR (not the one that specifies median), UACR (not the one that specifies median), urine creatinine, eGFR slope (not the one that specifies median). Data are n (%) for sex, race and ethnicity, smoking history, retinopathy status, ACEi or ARB use, hypertension diagnosis, UACR group, and cohort. Percentages are calculated as percent of total values.
Number (%) of missing values for each variable in the overall study population: race and ethnicity 7 (1), smoking history 367 (29), diabetes duration 1 (<1), retinopathy status 53 (4), mean arterial pressure 3 (<1), systolic blood pressure 3 (<1), diastolic blood pressure 3 (<1), BMI 2 (<1), ACE inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use 12 (1), hypertension diagnosis 52 (4), hemoglobin A1c 6 (<1), baseline eGFR 37 (3), baseline UACR 43 (3), UACR group 43 (3). Macro, macroalbuminuria; Micro, microalbuminuria; Normo, normoalbuminuria; Q1, quartile 1, Q3, quartile 3.
Case subjects: eGFR slope/year ≤ −3 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Control subjects: eGFR slope/year > −1 mL/min/1.73 m2.