Table 3.
Stratified analyses and effect modification on the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes in 2,579 Chinese adults with hypertensiona.
| Variables | N | Case (%) | Plasma copper concentration, μg/dL (mean ±SD) | OR (95% CI) | P | P-interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median), y | 0.186 | |||||
| <63.6 | 1,289 | 291 (22.6) | 93.1 ± 17.3 | 1.45 (1.01, 2.07) | 0.042 | |
| ≥63.6 | 1,290 | 406 (31.5) | 97.5 ± 20.1 | 1.18 (0.87, 1.59) | 0.289 | |
| Sex | 0.974 | |||||
| Male | 1,381 | 375 (27.2) | 90.8 ± 18.2 | 1.26 (0.88, 1.80) | 0.206 | |
| Female | 1,198 | 322 (26.9) | 100.4 ± 18.4 | 1.27 (0.94, 1.73) | 0.121 | |
| Current smoking | 0.915 | |||||
| No | 2,077 | 566 (27.3) | 95.6 ± 18.4 | 1.25 (0.97, 1.61) | 0.083 | |
| Yes | 502 | 131 (26.1) | 94.0 ± 20.7 | 1.49 (0.84, 2.62) | 0.171 | |
| Current alcohol drinking | 0.373 | |||||
| No | 2,121 | 587 (28.0) | 95.7 ± 19.0 | 1.18 (0.92, 1.51) | 0.182 | |
| Yes | 458 | 110 (24.0) | 93.4 ± 18.1 | 2.05 (1.08, 3.90) | 0.029 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.096 | |||||
| <24.0 | 983 | 232 (23.6) | 96.9 ± 20.0 | 1.05 (0.72, 1.52) | 0.819 | |
| ≥24.0 | 1,596 | 465 (29.1) | 94.2 ± 18.1 | 1.44 (1.08, 1.93) | 0.014 | |
| SBP (median), mmHg | 0.802 | |||||
| <141 | 1,273 | 339 (26.6) | 94.8 ± 19.1 | 1.24 (0.89, 1.74) | 0.206 | |
| ≥141 | 1,306 | 358 (27.4) | 95.7 ± 18.7 | 1.30 (0.95, 1.79) | 0.101 | |
| DBP (median), mmHg | 0.452 | |||||
| <87 | 1,279 | 388 (30.3) | 96.2 ± 19.8 | 1.34 (0.99, 1.82) | 0.058 | |
| ≥87 | 1,300 | 309 (23.8) | 94.4 ± 17.9 | 1.16 (0.81, 1.65) | 0.420 | |
| tHcy (median), μmol/L | 0.849 | |||||
| <13.9 | 1,285 | 394 (30.7) | 95.1 ± 18.2 | 1.30 (0.94, 1.78) | 0.109 | |
| ≥13.9 | 1,294 | 303 (23.4) | 95.4 ± 19.5 | 1.25 (0.89, 1.74) | 0.201 | |
| TC (median), mmol/L | 0.177 | |||||
| <4.2 | 1,286 | 397 (30.9) | 93.4 ± 19.1 | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | 0.868 | |
| ≥4.2 | 1,293 | 300 (23.2) | 97.1 ± 18.5 | 1.43 (1.04, 1.97) | 0.029 | |
| TG (median), mmol/L | 0.351 | |||||
| <1.4 | 1,283 | 312 (24.3) | 96.5 ± 20.0 | 1.38 (1.01, 1.89) | 0.043 | |
| ≥1.4 | 1,252 | 385 (30.8) | 94.0 ± 17.7 | 1.10 (0.78, 1.54) | 0.593 | |
| HDL-C (median), mmol/L | 0.043 | |||||
| <1.2 | 1,288 | 415 (32.2) | 93.9 ± 19.7 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.884 | |
| ≥1.2 | 1,291 | 282 (21.8) | 96.6 ± 18.0 | 1.56 (1.12, 2.18) | 0.008 |
aData were presented as OR (95% CI) for prevalence of diabetes when plasma copper concentration ≥109.4 compared with those with plasma copper concentration <109.4 μg/dL (reference) estimated by using multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted confounders included age, sex, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, BMI, family history of diabetes, SBP, DBP, tHcy, TC, and TG.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; tHcy, total homocysteine; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.