. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Mar 12;17(8):1342–1352. doi: 10.1002/alz.12300

Table 3.

Estimates of Association between CV Risk Factors and Longitudinal Cognitive Scores (n=1139)

	Linear Regression Estimates								Poisson Regression Estimates
	Symbol Digit Modalities				Digit Span Backward				Reverse-Scored East Boston Test, Delayed
	Model 1¹		Model 2²		Model 1¹		Model 2²		Model 1¹		Model 2²
Exposure characteristic	Beta	p-value	Beta	p-value	Beta	p-value	Beta	p-value	IRR³	p-value	IRR	p-value
Central obesity⁴	−2.09	<.001	0.32	0.570	−0.41	0.001	−0.24	0.060	1.14	0.007	1.05	0.359
Time⁵	−0.21	<.001	−0.21	<.001	−0.01	0.121	−0.01	0.114	1.01	0.029	1.01	0.005
Central obesity*Time	−0.09	0.012	−0.10	0.010	−0.01	0.159	−0.01	0.144	0.99	0.142	0.99	0.147
High glucose	−2.06	0.010	−1.03	0.156	−0.48	0.005	−0.28	0.081	1.23	0.001	1.17	0.012
Time	−0.23	<.001	−0.24	<.001	−0.02	0.001	−0.02	0.004	1.01	0.072	1.01	0.029
High glucose*Time	−0.15	0.003	−0.15	0.004	0.00	0.997	0.00	0.893	0.99	0.444	1.00	0.573
Diabetes	−5.22	<.001	−1.85	0.079	−0.90	0.000	−0.45	0.057	1.26	0.011	1.10	0.273
Time	−0.24	<.001	−0.24	<.001	−0.02	0.000	−0.02	0.001	1.01	0.106	1.01	0.024
Diabetes*Time	−0.26	0.001	−0.25	0.002	0.02	0.337	0.02	0.322	1.00	0.971	1.00	0.943
High Triglycerides	−0.34	0.647	−1.11	0.094	−0.15	0.329	−0.28	0.064	1.03	0.663	1.03	0.565
Time	−0.24	<.001	−0.25	<.001	−0.02	0.001	−0.02	0.003	1.01	0.089	1.01	0.032
High Triglycerides*Time	−0.04	0.388	−0.05	0.314	0.00	0.697	0.00	0.708	1.00	0.631	1.00	0.962
Low HDL	−0.23	0.731	1.13	0.069	−0.12	0.401	−0.04	0.766	1.11	0.057	1.04	0.488
Time	−0.24	<.001	−0.25	<.001	−0.02	0.008	−0.02	0.017	1.01	0.029	1.01	0.010
Low HDL*Time	−0.03	0.485	−0.04	0.413	−0.01	0.457	−0.01	0.366	0.99	0.132	0.99	0.257
Hyperlipidemia	−0.65	0.277	−0.61	0.257	−0.04	0.750	−0.05	0.668	1.03	0.614	1.03	0.502
Time	−0.24	<.001	−0.25	<.001	−0.02	0.003	−0.02	0.005	1.00	0.307	1.01	0.099
Hyperlipidemia*Time	−0.03	0.409	−0.01	0.703	0.01	0.546	0.01	0.473	1.00	0.714	1.00	0.796
Hypertension	−3.32	<.001	−0.83	0.157	−0.42	0.002	−0.09	0.490	1.22	<.001	1.10	0.061
Time	−0.23	<.001	−0.23	<.001	−0.02	0.002	−0.02	0.007	1.01	0.084	1.01	0.029
Hypertension*Time	−0.07	0.062	−0.08	0.050	0.00	0.780	0.00	0.884	1.00	0.507	1.00	0.638
Heart Age⁶	−3.41	<.001	−1.10	0.062	−0.52	<.001	−0.21	0.118	1.31	<.001	1.18	0.001
Time	−0.23	<.001	−0.23	<.001	−0.02	0.004	−0.02	0.009	1.01	0.068	1.01	0.064
Heart Age*Time	−0.08	0.033	−0.09	0.025	0.00	0.954	0.00	0.796	1.00	0.444	1.00	0.620

^1.

Model 1 adjusts for variables shown and age at cognitive baseline (years).

^2.

Model 2 adjusts for variables in model 1 as well as covariates considered time-invariant: study site, race/ethnicity, education ≤ high school, physical activity score at cognitive baseline, and time-varying: menopause status, difficulty paying for basics, alcohol use ≥ twice/week, central obesity, and current smoking.

^3.

Estimates for East Boston Memory Test represent difference in number of items missed between those without the exposure characteristic compared to those with it. IRR>1.0 represents worse performance on test.

^4.

Model 2 for central obesity does not include central obesity as a covariate.

^5.

Time is defined as years since cognitive baseline visit.

^6.

Model 2 for heart age does not include current smoking as a covariate as smoking is a component of the heart age score.