Table 2.
Items used to measure research constructs.
| SN | ||
|---|---|---|
| Definition: It refers to an individual’s perception of whether close relationships, such as colleagues, friends, and family, support a certain behavior in the social environment, and the impact of such evaluation on an individual. | ||
| SN1 | If I decided to create a firm, my closest family would approve of that decision. | Kolvereid (1996) and Liñán and Chen (2009) |
| SN2 | If I decided to create a firm, my closest friends would approve of that decision. | |
| SN3 | If I decided to create a firm, people who are important to me would approve of that decision. | |
| EA | ||
| Definition: The degree to which an individual is unwilling or inclined to engage in entrepreneurial activity. | ||
| EA1 | Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me. | Liñán and Chen (2009) |
| EA2 | A career as entrepreneur is attractive for me. | |
| EA3 | If I had the opportunity and resources, I’d like to start a firm. | |
| EA4 | Being an entrepreneur would entail great satisfactions for me. | |
| EA5 | Among various options, I would rather be an entrepreneur. | |
| EE | ||
| Definition: It is a kind of education and training service aiming at improving the basic quality of entrepreneurship and producing a kind of personality. | ||
| EE1 | The university promotes the students’ capability required for entrepreneurship. | Denanyoh et al. (2015) |
| EE2 | The university enhances students’ skills related to entrepreneurship. | |
| EE3 | The university gives students with applicable information and assist students on how to initiate a venture. | |
| EE4 | I believe that entrepreneurship matters can be initiated through education. | |
| EC | ||
| Definition: It is a kind of learning ability based on emotional intelligence, and having good EC contributes to excellent work performance. | ||
| EC1 | I am able to recognize my own emotions and their effect on my actions. | Fernández-Pérez et al. (2019) |
| EC2 | I consider myself a person who is flexible and capable of addressing changes. | |
| EC3 | I like to push myself to improve or to meet a certain criterion of excellence. | |
| EC4 | I am able to understand the feelings and viewpoints of others and I am actively interested in the things they care about. | |
| EC5 | I have the ability to negotiate and resolve disagreements. | |
| ESE | ||
| Definition: It is the strength of individuals to believe that they can successfully perform the roles and tasks of entrepreneurs. | ||
| ESE1 | I can work productively under continuous stress, pressure, and conflict. | Tsai et al. (2014) and Liñán (2008) |
| ESE2 | I can originate new ideas and products. | |
| ESE3 | I can develop and maintain favorable relationships with potential investors. | |
| ESE4 | I can see new market opportunities for new products and services. | |
| ESE5 | I can recruit and train key employees. | |
| ESE6 | I can develop a working environment that encourages people to try out something new. | |
| EI | ||
| Definition: A state of psychological preparation established by individuals based on cognitive experience, emotional factors, and external environmental factors. | ||
| EI1 | My professional goal is becoming an entrepreneur. | Liñán and Chen (2009) |
| EI2 | I will make every effort to start and run my own firm. | |
| EI3 | I am determined to create a firm in the future. | |
| EI4 | I have very seriously thought of starting a firm. | |
| EI5 | I have got the firm intention to start a firm someday. | |
SN = subjective norms, EA = entrepreneurial attitude, ESE = entrepreneurial self-efficacy, EI = entrepreneurial intention, EC = emotional competency, EE = entrepreneurial education.