Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to presence and acuity of HF
| Heart Failure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Total(N=783,702) | No(N=571,499) | Yes(N=212,203) | Acute HF(N=56,133) | Chronic HF(N=48,160) |
| Age, Median [Q1, Q3]† | 72 [59,83] | 70 [56,81] | 78 [68,86] | 79 [68,86] | 78 [68,86] |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||
| Females | 403,360(51.5) | 292,758(51.2) | 110,602(52.1) | 29,349(52.3) | 24,281(50.4) |
| Males | 380,342(48.5) | 278,741(48.8) | 101,601(47.9) | 26,784(47.7) | 23,879(49.6) |
| Race, No. (%) | |||||
| White | 583,482(74.5) | 422,715(74.0) | 160,767(75.8) | 43,545(77.6) | 37,104(77.0) |
| Black | 85,124(10.9) | 62,552(10.9) | 22,572(10.6) | 5,301(9.4) | 5,298(11.0) |
| Hispanic | 5,443(0.69) | 4,167(0.73) | 1,276(0.60) | 243(0.43) | 148(0.31) |
| Others | 109,096(13.9) | 81,653(14.3) | 27,443(12.9) | 7,006(12.5) | 5,578(11.6) |
| Unknown | 557(0.07) | 412(0.07) | 145(0.07) | 38(0.07) | 32(0.07) |
| Insurance status, No. (%) | |||||
| Medicare | 558,362(71.2) | 380,182(66.5) | 178,180(84.0) | 47,386(84.4) | 41,221(85.6) |
| Medicaid | 68,626(8.8) | 56,680(9.9) | 11,946(5.6) | 2,893(5.2) | 2,562(5.3) |
| Managed Care | 85,825(11.0) | 74,055(13.0) | 11,770(5.5) | 3,046(5.4) | 2,412(5.0) |
| Commercial Indemnity | 22,414(2.9) | 18,598(3.3) | 3,816(1.8) | 975(1.7) | 766(1.6) |
| Others | 48,475(6.2) | 41,984(7.3) | 6,491(3.1) | 1,833(3.3) | 1,199(2.5) |
| Marital status, No. (%) | |||||
| Married | 295,195(37.7) | 219,720(38.4) | 75,475(35.6) | 20,512(36.5) | 17,133(35.6) |
| Single | 406,405(51.9) | 292,324(51.2) | 114,081(53.8) | 29,985(53.4) | 25,667(53.3) |
| Other | 80,957(10.3) | 58,561(10.2) | 22,396(10.6) | 5,557(9.9) | 5,298(11.0) |
| Unknown | 1,145(0.15) | 894(0.16) | 251(0.12) | 79(0.14) | 62(0.13) |
| Attending physician, No. (%) | |||||
| Critical care | 8,101(1.0) | 5,374(0.94) | 2,727(1.3) | 888(1.6) | 667(1.4) |
| Pulmonary diseases | 31,210(4.0) | 22,503(3.9) | 8,707(4.1) | 2,283(4.1) | 1,707(3.5) |
| Internal medicine | 338,321(43.2) | 246,621(43.2) | 91,700(43.2) | 23,245(41.4) | 20,231(42.0) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 6,329(0.81) | 3,542(0.62) | 2,787(1.3) | 894(1.6) | 542(1.1) |
| Family practice | 88,010(11.2) | 63,861(11.2) | 24,149(11.4) | 5,635(10.0) | 4,712(9.8) |
| Others | 311,731(39.8) | 229,598(40.2) | 82,133(38.7) | 23,188(41.3) | 20,301(42.2) |
| Hospital characteristics, No. (%) | |||||
| Bed size | |||||
| 200 Beds | 189,119(24.1) | 140,795(24.6) | 48,324(22.8) | 12,713(22.6) | 10,047(20.9) |
| 201 - 400 Beds | 310,914(39.7) | 228,053(39.9) | 82,861(39.0) | 20,835(37.1) | 17,438(36.2) |
| 401 Beds | 283,669(36.2) | 202,651(35.5) | 81,018(38.2) | 22,585(40.2) | 20,675(42.9) |
| Urban/Rural | |||||
| Rural | 125,315(16.0) | 91,424(16.0) | 33,891(16.0) | 9,178(16.4) | 6,894(14.3) |
| Urban | 658,387(84.0) | 480,075(84.0) | 178,312(84.0) | 46,955(83.6) | 41,266(85.7) |
| Teaching hospital | 277,626(35.4) | 198,831(34.8) | 78,795(37.1) | 21,263(37.9) | 20,888(43.4) |
| Region | |||||
| Midwest | 153,139(19.5) | 108,530(19.0) | 44,609(21.0) | 12,051(21.5) | 10,184(21.1) |
| Northeast | 122,816(15.7) | 88,293(15.4) | 34,523(16.3) | 8,956(16.0) | 8,828(18.3) |
| South | 377,677(48.2) | 277,634(48.6) | 100,043(47.1) | 25,953(46.2) | 21,893(45.5) |
| West | 130,070(16.6) | 97,042(17.0) | 33,028(15.6) | 9,173(16.3) | 7,255(15.1) |
| Comorbidities / diagnosis, No. (%) | |||||
| Combined comorbidity scores, Median [Q1, Q3] | 3.0[1.00,5.0] | 2.0[1.00,4.0] | 5.0[4.0,7.0] | 5.0[4.0,7.0] | 5.0[4.0,7.0] |
| Alcohol use disorder*,⁎⁎ | 30,149(3.8) | 24,273(4.2) | 5,876(2.8) | 1,755(3.1) | 1,194(2.5) |
| Anemia | 229,125(29.2) | 150,568(26.3) | 78,557(37.0) | 21,136(37.7) | 17,774(36.9) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 34,877(4.5) | 25,165(4.4) | 9,712(4.6) | 2,463(4.4) | 2,353(4.9) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease†, ‡ | 353,312(45.1) | 241,999(42.3) | 111,313(52.5) | 28,942(51.6) | 26,080(54.2) |
| Coagulopathy*,⁎⁎ | 60,539(7.7) | 41,743(7.3) | 18,796(8.9) | 5,071(9.0) | 4,052(8.4) |
| Depression⁎⁎ | 113,945(14.5) | 82,472(14.4) | 31,473(14.8) | 7,672(13.7) | 7,430(15.4) |
| Diabetes† | 108,482(13.8) | 68,491(12.0) | 39,991(18.8) | 10,326(18.4) | 9,303(19.3) |
| Drug abuse† | 26,352(3.4) | 21,946(3.8) | 4,406(2.1) | 1,161(2.1) | 1,063(2.2) |
| Hypertension† | 502,879(64.2) | 341,141(59.7) | 161,738(76.2) | 42,986(76.6) | 37,046(76.9) |
| Hypothyroidism* | 36,835(4.7) | 24,908(4.4) | 11,927(5.6) | 3,040(5.4) | 2,711(5.6) |
| Liver disease | 24,513(3.1) | 18,314(3.2) | 6,199(2.9) | 1,558(2.8) | 1,367(2.8) |
| Lymphoma | 3,877(0.49) | 2,913(0.51) | 964(0.45) | 231(0.41) | 223(0.46) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 6,171(0.79) | 4,808(0.84) | 1,363(0.64) | 316(0.56) | 298(0.62) |
| Metastatic cancer† | 29,183(3.7) | 24,624(4.3) | 4,559(2.1) | 918(1.6) | 970(2.0) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders* | 290,705(37.1) | 206,612(36.2) | 84,093(39.6) | 22,391(39.9) | 18,511(38.4) |
| Other neurological disorders | 126,314(16.1) | 94,252(16.5) | 32,062(15.1) | 7,287(13.0) | 7,021(14.6) |
| Obesity*,⁎⁎ | 102,023(13.0) | 65,199(11.4) | 36,824(17.4) | 10,356(18.4) | 8,318(17.3) |
| Paralysis | 36,317(4.6) | 27,601(4.8) | 8,716(4.1) | 2,043(3.6) | 1,893(3.9) |
| Peripheral vascular disease† | 66,317(8.5) | 37,815(6.6) | 28,502(13.4) | 7,871(14.0) | 6,780(14.1) |
| Psychoses*,⁎⁎ | 43,988(5.6) | 34,123(6.0) | 9,865(4.6) | 2,152(3.8) | 2,337(4.9) |
| Pulmonary circulation disease†, ‡ | 62,371(8.0) | 26,797(4.7) | 35,574(16.8) | 11,570(20.6) | 7,938(16.5) |
| Valvular disease†, ‡ | 75,349(9.6) | 32,133(5.6) | 43,216(20.4) | 14,866(26.5) | 9,316(19.3) |
| Weight loss | 63,213(8.1) | 45,204(7.9) | 18,009(8.5) | 4,694(8.4) | 4,179(8.7) |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 97,683(12.5) | 53,561(9.4) | 44,122(20.8) | 10,904(19.4) | 9,554(19.8) |
| Chronic liver disease | 8,412(1.1) | 5,737(1.0) | 2,675(1.3) | 621(1.1) | 631(1.3) |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 1,460(0.19) | 955(0.17) | 505(0.24) | 111(0.20) | 89(0.18) |
| Atrial fibrillation†,‡ | 169,522(21.6) | 84,248(14.7) | 85,274(40.2) | 25,044(44.6) | 19,829(41.2) |
| Coronary artery disease† | 69,344(8.8) | 30,919(5.4) | 38,425(18.1) | 11,855(21.1) | 9,631(20.0) |
| Acute coronary syndrome†,‡ | 24,344(3.1) | 10,700(1.9) | 13,644(6.4) | 5,723(10.2) | 2,025(4.2) |
| Thyrotoxicosis | 2,852(0.36) | 1,912(0.33) | 940(0.44) | 261(0.46) | 210(0.44) |
| Mitral stenosis or insufficiency†,‡ | 25,622(3.3) | 10,564(1.8) | 15,058(7.1) | 5,573(9.9) | 3,154(6.5) |
| Aortic stenosis or insufficiency†,‡ | 22,202(2.8) | 9,566(1.7) | 12,636(6.0) | 4,268(7.6) | 2,755(5.7) |
| Urinary tract infection† | 112,137(14.3) | 76,370(13.4) | 35,767(16.9) | 9,002(16.0) | 7,543(15.7) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea†,‡ | 65,125(8.3) | 38,378(6.7) | 26,747(12.6) | 7,414(13.2) | 6,766(14.0) |
| Antiplatelet (V codes)†,‡ | 157,297(20.1) | 94,727(16.6) | 62,570(29.5) | 17,253(30.7) | 16,056(33.3) |
| Long-term (current) use of anticoagulants | 66,391(8.5) | 35,778(6.3) | 30,613(14.4) | 8,602(15.3) | 7,869(16.3) |
| Long-term (current) use of antiplatelets | 19,856(2.5) | 11,549(2.0) | 8,307(3.9) | 2,321(4.1) | 2,139(4.4) |
| Long-term (current) use of aspirin | 92,556(11.8) | 58,335(10.2) | 34,221(16.1) | 9,408(16.8) | 8,927(18.5) |
⁎
Denotes significant differences (p < 0.05) between HF and no HF
†
Denotes significant difference (p < 0.01) between HF and no HF
⁎⁎
Denotes significant differences (p < 0.01) between acute and chronic HF
‡
Denotes significant differences (p < 0.01) between acute and chronic HF
Comparisons for differences in baseline characteristics of HF and no HF and acute and chronic HF were made using Pearson's chi-square methods (except for age, where Mann-Whitney test was used).
POA, present on admission