Table 1:
Characteristics of study participants according to the presence of severe depressive symptoms
| Variable | BWHS (N=976) Depression | MASALA (N=473) Depression | NHSII (N=984) Depression | SHS (N=475) Depression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
|
|
||||||||
| N (%) | 341 (35) | 638 (65) | 48 (10) | 425 (90) | 84 (9) | 900 (91.5) | 147 (31) | 328 (69) |
| Log-RTL (mean (SD)) | −0.27 (0.7) | −0.27 (0.7) | −0.99 (0.7) | −0.99(0.8) | 0.52 (0.7) | 0.37 (0.7) | 0.12 (1.0) | 0.07 (0.9) |
| Age at blood draw, (mean (SD)) | 55.9 (7.6) | 56.5 (7.4) | 55.9 (9.3) | 55.5 (9.2) | 57.3 (3.8) | 57.5 (4.5) | 39.7 (13.2) | 39.8 (12.6) |
| Female, n (%) | 341 (100) | 638 (100) | 21 (43.8) | 168 (39.8) | 84 (100) | 900 (100) | 118 (80.3) | 195 (59.5) |
| Married, n (%) | 131(38.4) | 317 (49.7) | 39 (81.3) | 398 (93.7) | 63 (75.0) | 736 (82.1) | 39(54.9) | 67(40.9) |
| ≥ College grad, n (%) | 216 (63.3) | 456 (71.5) | 37(77.1) | 391(92.0) | NA | NA | 9(6.2) | 41 (12.5) |
| Employed, n (%) | 261(76.8) | 508 (79.9) | 31 (66.0) | 317(74.6) | 74(89.2) | 808(89.9) | NA | NA |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 248 (72.7) | 464 (72.7) | 36 (75.0) | 349 (82.1) | 49 (58.3) | 615 (68.3) | 48 (32.9) | 100 (30.5) |
| Former | 60 (17.6) | 134 (21.0) | 8 (16.7) | 63 (14.8) | 22(26.2) | 245(27.2) | 31(21.2) | 88 (26.8) |
| Current | 33(9.7) | 40 (6.3) | 4(8.3) | 13(3.1) | 13(15.5) | 40(4.4) | 67(45.9) | 140 (42.7) |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m 2 , n (%) | ||||||||
| <25 | 83(24.4) | 179 (28.2) | ,(3,3) | 168(39.6) | 44(55.0) | 456(53.5) | 15(10.3) | 49 (14.9) |
| 25–29.9 | 99(29.1) | 190(30.0) | 25(52.1) | 197(46.5) | 24(30.0) | 230(27.0) | 40(27.4) | 78 (23.8) |
| ≥ 30 | 158(46.5) | 265(41.8) | 8(16.7) | 59(13.9) | 12(15.0) | 167(19.6) | 91(62.3) | 201 (61.3) |
| Physical activity, n (%) 1 | ||||||||
| Quintile 5 | 27(15.7) | 74(20.3) | 8(16.7) | 86(20.2) | 17(20.7) | 177(19.9) | 18(13.7) | 68 (22.7) |
| AHEI, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| Quintile 5 | 47 (14.9) | 138 (22.7) | 5(10.6) | 88(21.0) | 10(11.9) | 177 (19.7) | 16 (13.9) | 64 (22.6) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 141 (41.4) | 249 (39.0) | 23(47.9) | 171(40.2) | 14 (16.7) | 162 (18.0) | 31 (21.1) | 59 (18.0) |
| Antidepressant use, n (%) | 89 (26.1) | 61 (9.6) | 7 (14.6) | 8 (1.9) | 25 (29.8) | 115 (12.8) | 21 (14.3) | 25 (7.6) |
| Extent of religiosity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Very | 134 (39.3) | 311 (49.0) | 6 (12.5) | 77 (18.1) | 27 (32.1) | 374 (41.6) | 40(27.2) | 101 (30.8) |
| Not/Slightly/ Moderately | 207 (60.7) | 324 (51.0) | 42 (87.5) | 348 (81.9) | 57 (67.9) | 526 (58.4) | 107 (72.8) | 227 (69.2) |
| Religious congregation | ||||||||
| Yes | 222 (65.1) | 433 (68.2) | 20 (41.7) | 130 (30.6) | 38 (45.2) | 582 (64.6) | 61 (41.5) | 134 (40.9) |
| No | 119 (57.2) | 202(31.8) | 28 (58.3) | 295 (69.4) | 46 (54.8) | 318 (35.3) | 86 (58.5) | 194 (59.2) |
| Service attendance, % | ||||||||
| ≥ 1/week | 146 (42.8) | 283 (44.6) | 12 (25.0) | 90 (21.2) | 26 (31.0) | 406 (45.1) | 36 (24.5) | 53 (16.2) |
| Private prayer (self), % | ||||||||
| ≥ 1/day | 253 (74.2) | 496 (78.1) | 35 (72.9) | 246 (57.9) | 41 (48.8) | 531 (59.0) | 99 (67.4) | 227 (69. 2) |
| Group prayer, % ≥ 1/day | 19 (5.6) | 60 (9.5) | 1 (2.1) | ,8 (4.2) | 2 (2.4) | 56 (6.2) | 17 (11.6) | 26 (7.9) |
| Positive religious coping mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.9) |
| Negative religious coping mean (SD) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.4) | 2.0(0.8) | 1.7 (0.7) |
1
Value is MET hours per week in NHSII, BWHS, and MASALA, and steps per week in SHS
2.
AHEI- Alternative Healthy Eating Index
NA-Not available