Table 3.
Depression and log-transformed relative telomere length stratified by social support, religion, and spiritual dimensions
| Emotional support | Extent of Religion/Spirituality | Religious congregation membership | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Not, Slightly or Moderately Religious or Spiritual | Very Religious or < Spiritual | No | Yes | |||||||||||
| Cohort | Depression | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT |
| BWHS | No | 37 | Ref | 596 | Ref | 0.85 | 324 | Ref | 311 | Ref | 0.37 | 202 | Ref | 433 | Ref | 0.95 |
| Yes | 48 | −9.9 (−34.9, 24.7) | 292 | 1.5 (−7.8, 11.7) | 207 | −1.1 (−12.4, 11.7) | 134 | 7.5 (−7.0, 24.3) | 119 | 2.8 (−12.8, 21.1) | 222 | 3.1 (−7.4,14.9) | ||||
| MASALA | No | 25 | Ref | 400 | Ref | 0.33 | 348 | Ref | 77 | Ref | 0.18 | 295 | Ref | 130 | Ref | 0.75 |
| Yes | 21 | −8.9 (18.8, -35.0) | 27 | 11.2 (−11.2, 39.2) | 42 | −2.2 (−21.3, 21.5) | 6 | 214.1 (49.1, 562.0) | 28 | 3.7 (−19.6, 33.8) | 20 | 12.9 (−18.8, 56.8) | ||||
| NSHSII | No | 87 | Ref | 813 | Ref | 0.20 | 526 | Ref | 374 | Ref | 0.89 | 318 | Ref | 582 | Ref | 0.54 |
| Yes | 19 | 15.7 (−15.1, 57.6) | 65 | 13.0 (−5.5, 35.1) | 57 | 8.2 (−9.9, 30.0) | 27 | 11.9 (−17.2, 51.1) | 46 | 11.7 (−8.9, 37.0) | 38 | 20.3 (−6.1, 54.0) | ||||
| SHS | No | 40 | Ref | 288 | Ref | 0.46 | 227 | Ref | 101 | Ref | 0.84 | 194 | Ref | 134 | Ref | 0.29 |
| Yes | 38 | 47.3 (−18.0, 164.5) | 109 | −11.6 (−28.9, 9.9) | 107 | −4.4 (−23.2, 19.0) | 40 | 5.1 (−22.5, 42.6) | 86 | 7.3 (−16.6, 37.9) | 61 | −25.6 (−39.5, -8.5) | ||||
| Pooled | No | 189 | Ref | 2097 | Ref | 0.32 | 1425 | Ref | 863 | Ref | 0.54 | 1009 | Ref | 1279 | Ref | 0.54 |
| Yes | 126 | 3.0 (−4.9, 23.4) | 593 | 3.0 (−5.8, 11.6) | 413 | 0.0 (−7.7, 9.4) | 207 | 18.5 (−6.8, 50.7) | 279 | 6.2 (−4.9, 17.4) | 341 | 0.0 (−18.1, 20.9) | ||||
| Religious service attendance | Private Prayer | Group Prayer | ||||||||||||||
| Not frequent | Frequent (≥ 1/week) | Not frequent | Frequent (≥ 1/week) | Not frequent | Frequent (≥ 1/week) | |||||||||||
| Cohort | Depression | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT |
| BWHS | No | 352 | Ref | 283 | Ref | 0.93 | 139 | Ref | 496 | Ref | 0.10 | 575 | Ref | 60 | Ref | 0.55 |
| Yes | 195 | 0.6 (−11.2, 14.0) | 146 | 4.7 (−8.1, 19.3) | 88 | 6.6 (−9.5, 25.6) | 253 | −1.1 (−11.1,10.1) | 322 | 2.1 (−7.2, 12.2) | 19 | 18.6 (−4.2, 46.7) | ||||
| MASALA | No | 335 | Ref | 90 | Ref | 0.56 | 179 | Ref | 246 | Ref | 0.78 | 407 | Ref | 18 | Ref | 0.07 |
| Yes | 36 | −1.1 (20.7, 23.3) | 12 | 49.8 (−7.3, 142.2) | 13 | 8.5 (−23.8, 54.5) | 35 | 5.7 (−17.6, 35.6) | 47 | 6.5 (−12.6, 29.9) | 1 | Negligible | ||||
| NSHSII | No | 494 | Ref | 406 | Ref | 0.95 | 369 | Ref | 531 | Ref | 0.71 | 844 | Ref | 56 | Ref | 0.00 |
| Yes | 58 | 13.3 (−5.4, 35.6) | 26 | 15.9 (−15.7, 59.2) | 43 | 13.0 (−7.6, 38.2) | 41 | 8.5 (−15.0, 38.6) | 82 | 9.1 (−6.9, 27.7) | 2 | 88.2 (9.6, 223.0) | ||||
| SHS | No | 275 | Ref | 53 | Ref | 0.20 | 101 | Ref | 227 | Ref | 0.68 | 302 | Ref | 26 | Ref | 0.32 |
| Yes | 111 | −11.3 (−26.3, 6.7) | 36 | 12.5 (−27.8, 75.2) | 48 | 7.5 (−20.6, 45.4) | 99 | −6.6 (−24.5, 15.5) | 130 | −3.8 (−23.3, 20.7) | 17 | −56.8, (−76.0, −22.3) | ||||
| Pooled | No | 1456 | Ref | 832 | Ref | 0.44 | 788 | Ref | 1500 | Ref | 0.22 | 2128 | Ref | 160 | Ref | 0.97 |
| Yes | 400 | 5.1 (−3.0, 13.9) | 220 | 9.4 (−3.0, 22.1) | 192 | 8.3 (−3.0, 22.1) | 428 | 0.0 (−8.6, 8.3) | 581 | 3.0 (−3.9, 11.6) | 39 | 1.0 (−48.3, 97.4) | ||||
| Positive Religious Coping | Negative Religious Coping | |||||||||||||||
| At or below the median | Above Median | At or below the median | Above Median | |||||||||||||
| Cohort | Depression | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | N | % Difference (95% CI) | N | % Difference (95% CI) | P-INT | |||||
| BWHS | No | 360 | Ref | 266 | Ref | 0.50 | 339 | Ref | 287 | Ref | 0.21 | |||||
| Yes | 191 | 2.1 (−10.2, 16.2) | 141 | −1.2 (−13.5, 12.9) | 122 | 7.3 (−7.0, 23.9) | 210 | −6.9 (−17.7, 5.4) | ||||||||
| MASALA | No | 197 | Ref | 172 | Ref | 0.33 | 206 | Ref | 163 | Ref | 0.30 | |||||
| Yes | 15 | 19.6 (−11.5, 61.5) | 29 | 11.2 (−14.7, 45.1) | 10 | 32.9 (−8.8, 93.9) | 34 | −7.8 (−28.3, 1.7) | ||||||||
| NSHSII | No | 420 | Ref | 360 | Ref | 0.55 | 451 | Ref | 329 | Ref | 0.75 | |||||
| Yes | 39 | 25.4 (−1.3, 59.2) | 31 | 8.0 (−16.2, 39.3) | 34 | 26.3 (−4.0, 66.1) | 36 | 10.5 (−10.9, 37.1) | ||||||||
| SHS | No | 177 | Ref | 125 | Ref | 0.49 | 184 | Ref | 118 | Ref | 0.37 | |||||
| Yes | 71 | 4.2 (−18.9, 33.7) | 58 | −16.1 (−37.2, 12.1) | 57 | 0.2 (−19.1, 24.2) | 72 | −14.5 (−38.2, 18.2) | ||||||||
| Pooled | No | 1154 | Ref | 923 | Ref | 0.37 | 1180 | Ref | 897 | Ref | 0.12 | |||||
| Yes | 316 | 8.3 (−2.0, 18.5) | 259 | 0.0 (−9.5, 10.5) | 223 | 9.4 (−1.0, 22.1) | 352 | −4.9 (−13.1, 5.1) | ||||||||
BWHS: Adjusted for age, employment status, income, educational attainment, BMI, alternative healthy eating index with alcohol physical activity, the presence of hypertension, and use of antidepressants.
MASALA: Adjusted for age; gender, employment status, income, and educational attainment; BMI, alternative health eating index, and physical activity, presence of hypertension, and use of antidepressants.
NHSII: Adjusted for age, employment status, income, BMI, alternative health eating index, physical activity, the presence of hypertension, and use of antidepressants.
SHS: Adjusted for age, gender, income, and educational attainment, BMI, alternative healthy eating index, physical activity, the presence of hypertension, and use of antidepressants
Pooled estimates were assessed through a random effect meta-analysis
P-int: P-interaction