Table 1.
Prevalence of Asthma in General Population and COVID-19 Positive Population
| Country | General Population | COVID-19 Positive Population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Studies | High-Quality Studies | ||||||||
| Asthma Prevalence | N | Prevalence (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | P | N | Prevalence (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | P | |
| Portugal | 8.8 | 2 | 2.37 (0.99 to 5.54) | −6.43 (−7.81 to −3.26) | 0.00 | ||||
| Chile | 7.08 | 2 | 2.60 (0.82 to 7.90) | −4.48 (−6.26 to 0.82) | 0.08 | ||||
| Malaysia | 5.72 | 3 | 1.99 (1.04 to 3.78) | −3.73 (−4.68 to −1.94) | 0.00 | ||||
| Philippines | 6.35 | 2 | 3.23 (2.88 to 3.63) | −3.12 (−3.47 to −2.72) | 0.00 | ||||
| Iran | 5.53 | 10 | 3.41 (2.14 to 5.40) | −2.12 (−3.39 to −0.13) | 0.02 | ||||
| Russia | 4.93 | 2 | 2.18 (1.40 to 3.37) | −2.75 (−3.53 to −1.56) | 0.00 | ||||
| Italy | 4.96 | 13 | 2.99 (1.98 to 4.50) | −1.97 (−2.98 to −0.46) | 0.02 | 3 | 2.81 (1.98 to 3.98) | −2.15 (−2.98 to −0.98) | 0.00 |
| China | 3.01 | 23 | 1.05 (0.69 to 1.60) | −1.96 (−2.32 to −1.41) | 0.00 | 4 | 0.62 (0.55 to 0.70) | −2.39 (−2.46 to −2.31) | 0.00 |
| Korea | 5.51 | 19 | 3.75 (2.65 to 5.28) | −1.76 (−2.86 to −0.23) | 0.03 | 6 | 2.75 (2.53 to 2.98) | −2.76 (−2.98 to −2.53) | 0.00 |
| Oman | 5.38 | 2 | 4.04 (1.81 to 8.76) | −1.34 (−3.57 to 3.38) | 0.47 | ||||
| Mexico | 4.11 | 19 | 2.87 (2.57 to 3.21) | −1.24 (−1.54 to −0.90) | 0.00 | 8 | 3.01 (2.85 to 3.18) | −1.10 (−1.26 to −0.93) | 0.00 |
| Sweden | 8.01 | 5 | 7.00 (6.83 to 7.17) | −1.01 (−1.18 to −0.84) | 0.00 | 5 | 7.00 (6.83 to 7.17) | −1.01 (−1.18 to −0.84) | 0.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | 4.35 | 3 | 3.49 (2.86 to 4.25) | −0.86 (−1.49 t0 −0.10) | 0.03 | ||||
| Netherlands | 6.72 | 3 | 5.93 (2.79 to 12.14) | −0.79 (−3.93 to 5.42) | 0.74 | ||||
| Brazil | 3.86 | 10 | 3.31 (1.64 to 6.56) | −0.55 (−2.22 to 2.70) | 0.67 | 4 | 2.84 (0.80 to 9.64) | −1.02 (−3.06 to 5.78) | 0.63 |
| Canada | 7.21 | 3 | 6.75 (3.30 to 13.29) | −0.46 (−3.91 to 6.08) | 0.85 | 3 | 6.75 (3.30 to 13.29) | −0.46 (−3.91 to 6.08) | 0.85 |
| Spain | 6.43 | 31 | 6.02 (4.62 to 7.79) | −0.41 (−1.81 to 1.36) | 0.62 | 5 | 6.18 (4.95 to 7.70) | −0.25 (−1.48 to 1.27) | 0.73 |
| Japan | 6.01 | 6 | 5.67 (3.78 to 8.42) | −0.34 (−2.23 to 2.41) | 0.77 | ||||
| Australia | 11.03 | 2 | 10.95 (8.30 to 14.31) | −0.08 (−2.73 to 3.28) | 0.96 | ||||
| India | 2.86 | 6 | 3.15 (2.54 to 3.90) | 0.29 (−0.32 to 1.04) | 0.37 | ||||
| Belgium | 5.53 | 2 | 6.22 (3.31 to 11.37) | 0.69 (−2.22 to 5.84) | 0.71 | ||||
| Turkey | 5.89 | 18 | 7.25 (5.45 to 9.59) | 1.36 (−0.44 to 3.70) | 0.15 | ||||
| Ghana | 3.66 | 2 | 5.50 (3.91 to 7.67) | 1.84 (0.25 to 4.01) | 0.02 | 2 | 5.50 (3.91 to 7.67) | 1.84 (0.25 to 4.01) | 0.02 |
| Switzerland | 6.89 | 4 | 9.73 (5.90 to 15.64) | 2.84 (−0.99 to 8.75) | 0.18 | ||||
| France | 6.6 | 11 | 10.04 (6.67 to 14.82) | 3.44 (0.07 to 8.22) | 0.05 | 4 | 7.45 (5.44 to 10.13) | 0.85 (−1.16 to 3.53) | 0.45 |
| UK | 8.85 | 24 | 13.77 (12.38 to 15.30) | 4.92 (3.53 to 6.45) | 0.00 | 12 | 12.91 (10.87 to 15.27) | 4.06 (1.95 to 6.42) | 0.00 |
| USA | 4.72 | 143 | 10.15 (9.25 to 11.13) | 5.43 (4.53 to 6.41) | 0.00 | 32 | 9.12 (7.66 to 10.83) | 4.40 (2.94 to 6.11) | 0.00 |
| Norway | 6.93 | 3 | 12.40 (10.20 to 14.99) | 5.47 (3.27 to 8.06) | 0 | ||||
| Denmark | 5.66 | 5 | 11.85 (7.56 to 18.10) | 6.19 (1.90 to 12.44) | 0.00 | ||||
| Germany | 5.74 | 4 | 12.35 (11.12 to 13.70) | 6.61 (5.38 to 7.96) | 0.00 | ||||
| Finland | 7.96 | 2 | 16.15 (13.44 to 19.28) | 8.19 (5.48 to 11.32) | 0.00 | ||||
| Egypt | 6.84 | 2 | 19.06 (8.73 to 36.69) | 12.22 (1.89 to 29.85) | 0.01 | ||||
Note: Random effects as I2 was high (=99.8%) and countries were excluded when the number of studies was < 2.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; N, number of studies.