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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 21.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2022 Feb 1;122(5):5317–5364. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00481

Figure 9. Idealized magnetic constitutive laws for soft-magnetic and hard-magnetic materials.

Figure 9.

(a) Ideal soft-magnetic materials are characterized by the linear relationship between the induced magnetization and the magnetic field with constant magnetic susceptibility before saturation and constant magnetization after saturation without magnetic hysteresis (zero remanence and coercivity). (b) Ideal hard-magnetic soft materials are characterized by large magnetic hysteresis (high remanence and coercivity) to maintain the remanence under an actuating field below the coercivity.