Table 4.

Reverse Mendelian randomisation using PD-associated SNPs from iPDGC [28] as genetic instruments

Method	OR (95%CI)	P	p-het.	p-pleio.
Smoking initiation	64 SNPs
IVW	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.18	<0.001
Weighted median	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.36
Weighted mode	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.35
MR-Egger	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	0.15		0.36
MR-PRESSO	-	-		<0.001a
Lifetime smoking index	65 SNPs
IVW	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.83	<0.001
Weighted median	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.38
Weighted mode	0.99(0.98–1.01)	0.092
MR-Egger	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.34		0.23
MR-PRESSO	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.56		<0.001b
Alcohol drinking	64 SNPs
IVW	1.02(1.01–1.03)	0.002	<0.001
Weighted median	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.14
Weighted mode	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.21
MR-Egger	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	0.097		0.85
MR-PRESSO	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.042		<0.001c
Coffee drinking	65 SNPs
IVW	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.15	<0.001
Weighted median	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.82
Weighted mode	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.65
MR-Egger	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.69		0.21
MR-PRESSO	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.25		<0.001d

OR, odds ratio per 1-unit increase in log odds of the prevalence of PD; IVW, inverse-variance weighted (random-effect); Cl, confidence interval; p-het., p for heterogeneity (IVW); p-pleio., p for pleio- tropy (MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO).

^aNo outlier detected.

^bOutliers: rsl2497850, rsl2600861, and rs62053943; p-distortion = NS.

^cOutliers; rs62053943, rs6476434, rs6854006, rs7134559, and rs823118; p-distortion = 0.041.

^dOutliers; rs2248244 and rs61169879; p-distortion = NS.