Table 3.

Translanguaging purposes across the eight observations.

Students translanguaging practices	Results of eight classroom observations
	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8
To help each other by providing/displaying information	*		*	*	*	*	*	*
To use multilingual dictionaries for reaching an understanding	*	*	*	*	*		*	*
To interact and keep rapports	*		*	*	*		*	*
To request and clarify and negotiate information	*		*	*	*		*	*
To affirm/reject information	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Teachers translanguaging practices
To check understanding with elicitation	*	*		*	*	*	*	*
To present and explain lesson contents in a simplified manner	*	*	*	*		*	*	*
To expeditiously explain a vocabulary/grammatical item through translation	*	*		*	*	*	*	*
To manage the class and facilitate task administration	*		*	*	*		*	*
To enhance teacher-student personalized contacts and build a good rapport		*	*	*	*		*	*
To support students’ identity actively	*	*	*		*	*	*	*

*Agreeing with the questionnaire item.