. 2022 Jun 21;5(3):355–374. doi: 10.1007/s42448-022-00118-9

Table 5.

Socio-demographic correlates of harsh physical disciplining in the past year

Caregiver characteristics	Frequency	Harsh physical discipline in past year
Geographic site
Addis Ababa Bisheftu Debre Markos Mekele	339 255 295 250	176 (51.9) 68 (26.7) 119 (40.3) 199 (79.6)	1.00 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) 3.6 (2.5, 5.3)	1.0 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 3.2 (2.0, 4.9)
Caregiver Age
18–29 30–39 40 +	392 513 218	212 (54.1) 249 (48.5) 93 (42.7)	1.0 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) 0.6 (0.5, 0.9)	1.0 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
Caregiver sex
Male Female	294 842	110 (37.4) 451 (53.6)	1.0 1.9 (1.5, 2.5)	1.0 1.7 (1.1, 2.5)
Caregiver education
Not educated Elementary Secondary Tertiary	297 460 191 186	137 (46.1) 230 (50.0) 106 (55.5) 84 (45.2)	1.0 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) 1.0 (0.7, 1.4)	1.0 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
Religion
Orthodox Christian Protestant Muslim	907 88 138	477 (52.6) 45 (51.1) 37 (26.8)	1.0 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)	1.0 1.9 (1.0, 3.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.6)
Marital status
Married Divorced/sep/widow	902 236	425 (47.1) 136 (57.6)	1.0 1.5 (1.1, 2.0)	1.0 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
Occupation
House-bound wife Employees (paid) Business (own) Other small enterprises	435 230 198 276	230 (52.9) 96 (41.7) 106 (53.5) 130 (47.1)	1.0 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	1.0 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) 1.0 (0.6, 1.4)
House ownership
Self-owned Rented	245 855	112 (45.7) 443 (51.8)	1.0 1.3 (0.9, 1.7)	= = = = = = = = = =
Perceived social status
Higher Moderate Lower	151 669 313	96 (63.6) 343 (51.3) 122 (39.0)	1.0 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 0.4 (0.2, 0.5)	1.0 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)

Caregiver characteristics

Frequency

Harsh physical discipline in past year

Proportion
N (%)

Crude
OR (95% CI)

*Adjusted
OR (95% CI)

Geographic site

Addis Ababa

Bisheftu

Debre Markos

Mekele

339

255

295

250

176 (51.9)

68 (26.7)

119 (40.3)

199 (79.6)

1.00

0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

0.6 (0.5, 0.9)

3.6 (2.5, 5.3)

1.0

0.3 (0.2, 0.6)

0.6 (0.4, 0.8)

3.2 (2.0, 4.9)

Caregiver Age

18–29

30–39

40 +

392

513

218

212 (54.1)

249 (48.5)

93 (42.7)

1.0

0.8 (0.6, 1.0)

0.6 (0.5, 0.9)

1.0

0.9 (0.7, 1.3)

0.8 (0.5, 1.3)

Caregiver sex

Male

Female

294

842

110 (37.4)

451 (53.6)

1.0

1.9 (1.5, 2.5)

1.0

1.7 (1.1, 2.5)

Caregiver education

Not educated

Elementary

Secondary

Tertiary

297

460

191

186

137 (46.1)

230 (50.0)

106 (55.5)

84 (45.2)

1.0

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

1.5 (1.0, 2.1)

1.0 (0.7, 1.4)

1.0

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

1.3 (0.8, 2.1)

1.2 (0.7, 2.0)

Religion

Orthodox Christian

Protestant

Muslim

907

138

477 (52.6)

45 (51.1)

37 (26.8)

1.0

0.9 (0.6, 1.5)

0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

1.0

1.9 (1.0, 3.4)

0.4 (0.2, 0.6)

Marital status

Married

Divorced/sep/widow

902

236

425 (47.1)

136 (57.6)

1.0

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

1.0

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

Occupation

House-bound wife

Employees (paid)

Business (own)

Other

small enterprises

435

230

198

276

230 (52.9)

96 (41.7)

106 (53.5)

130 (47.1)

1.0

0.6 (0.5, 0.9)

1.0 (0.7, 1.4)

0.8 (0.6, 1.1)

1.0

0.6 (0.4, 0.9)

1.4 (0.9, 2.2)

1.0 (0.6, 1.4)

House ownership

Self-owned

Rented

245

855

112 (45.7)

443 (51.8)

1.0

1.3 (0.9, 1.7)

= = = = =

Perceived social status

Higher

Moderate

Lower

151

669

313

96 (63.6)

343 (51.3)

122 (39.0)

1.0

0.6 (0.4, 0.9)

0.4 (0.2, 0.5)

1.0

0.8 (0.6, 1.3)

0.5 (0.3, 0.8)

^*Adjusted for variable(s): geographic site, sex and age group of primary caregiver, educational status, religion, and marital status, occupation of the primary caregiver, house ownership and perceived social status of the family were adjusted for. Age group of the child and person accompanying the child to school were also adjusted for