Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in Healthy Controls and Total Sample, and between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Spectrum Groups at 10-year Follow-up.
| Healthy Controls (n = 117) | Total Sample (n = 142) | Chi-square/t-test/Mann Whitney | Schizophrenia Spectrum (n = 96) |
Bipolar Spectrum (n = 46) |
Chi-square/t-test/Mann Whitney | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2/t/U | p | V/D | χ2/t/U | p | V/D | ||||||
| Demographic | |||||||||||
| Gender, female | 49 (41.9) | 67 (47.2) | χ2 = 0.73 | .452 | .053 | 40 (41.7) | 27 (58.7) | χ2 = 3.62 | .073 | .160 | |
| Age | M (SD) | 40.3 (7.6) | 37.7 (8.3) | t = −2.61 | .010 | −0.325 | 36.9 (8.3) | 39.2 (8.2) | t = −1.56 | .121 | −0.280 |
| Country of origin | χ2 = 20.1 | .000 | .29 | χ2 = 0.00 | 1.000 | −0.006 | |||||
| Norway | 115 (98.3) | 98 (69.0) | 66 (79.5) | 32 (80.0) | |||||||
| Other | 2 (1.8) | 25 (17.6) | 17 (20.5) | 8 (20.0) | |||||||
| In relationship, current | 90 (76.9) | 65 (45.8) | χ2 = 25.90 | .000 | .316 | 39 (40.6) | 26 (56.5) | χ2 = 3.17 | .105 | .149 | |
| Education, years | M (SD) | 15.2 (2.3) | 13.6 (2.5) | t = −5.16 | .000 | −0.682 | 12.9 (2.5) | 14.8 (2.1) | t = −4.00 | .000 | −0.790 |
| Clinical | |||||||||||
| Diagnosis, 10 years | |||||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 55 (38.7) | 55 (57.2) | - | ||||||||
| Schizophreniform | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.0) | - | ||||||||
| Schizoaffective | 15 (10.6) | 15 (15.6) | - | ||||||||
| Other Psychosesa | 25 (17.6) | 25 (26.0) | - | ||||||||
| Bipolar 1 Disorder | 42 (29.6) | - | 42 (91.3) | ||||||||
| Bipolar 2 Disorder | 3 (2.1) | - | 3 (6.5) | ||||||||
| Bipolar NOS | 1 (0.7) | - | 1 (2.2) | ||||||||
| Psychotic ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 2 (0–40) | 2 (0–10) | 2 (0–40) | U = 1830.50 | .217 | |||||
| Manic ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 1 (0–42) | 1 (0–4) | 2 (0–42) | U = 333.00 | .020 | |||||
| Depressive ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 2 (0–48) | 2 (0–32) | 3 (0–48) | U = 1199.00 | .206 | |||||
| PANSSc | M (SD) | ||||||||||
| Positive | 7.4 (4.1) | 8.4 (4.4) | 5.4 (2.2) | t = 4.50 | .000 | .806 | |||||
| Negative | 9.4 (5.2) | 10.2 (5.9) | 7.8 (2.8) | t = 2.63 | .009 | .472 | |||||
| Disorganized | 4.2 (2.0) | 4.5 (2.3) | 3.6 (0.9) | t = 2.71 | .008 | .486 | |||||
| Excited | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.0) | t = 1.55 | .123 | .279 | |||||
| Depressive | 6.4 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.2) | 6.1 (3.5) | t = 0.59 | .559 | .105 | |||||
| CDSSd | M (SD) | 3.1 (4.4) | 3.1 (4.5) | 2.9 (4.1) | t = 0.21 | .835 | .039 | ||||
| YMRSe | M (SD) | 3.3 (4.0) | 3.9 (4.4) | 2.0 (2.7) | t = 2.62 | .010 | .475 | ||||
| GAF-Ff | M (SD) | 60.5 (17.7) | 59.4 (16.5) | 69.1 (17.2) | t = -4.24 | .000 | −0.761 | ||||
| AUDITg | Mdn (ran) | 3 (0–28) | 4 (0–28) | 3 (0–20) | U = 1646.50 | .626 | |||||
| DUDITh | Mdn (ran) | 0 (0–42) | 0 (0–42) | 0 (0–23) | U = 1421.50 | .034 | |||||
| Medicated, psychotropic | 95 (66.9) | 65 (69.1) | 30 (65.2) | χ2 = 0.22 | .701 | .040 |
Note: N (%) is reported unless otherwise specified, M (SD) = Mean (Standard Deviation), Mdn (ran) = Median (range).
Missing: Country of origin, 19; Relationship (healthy controls), 1; Medicated, psychotropic, 2.
a Delusional disorder = 5; brief psychotic disorder = 1; psychotic disorder not otherwise specified = 19.
b Episodes during follow-up period.
c PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale.
d CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia.
e YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
f GAF-F, Global Assessment of Functioning—functioning subscale.
g AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.
h DUDIT, Drug Use Disorder Identification Test.