Table 2.
Clinical Recovery Rates in Healthy Controls and Total Sample, and Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Spectrum Groups at 10-year Follow-up
| Healthy Controls (n = 117) |
Total Sample (n = 142) | Chi-square/t-test/Mann Whitney | Schizophrenia Spectrum (n = 96) |
Bipolar Spectrum (n = 46) |
Chi-square/t-test/Mann Whitney | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2/t/U | p | V/D | χ2/t/U | p | V/D | |||||
| Standard Clinical Recovery Criteria | ||||||||||
| Clinical Recovery a | 45 (31.7) | 22 (22.9) | 23 (50.0) | χ2 = 10.54 | .002 | .272 | ||||
| Psychotic Remissionb | 85 (59.9) | 44 (51.8) | 41 (89.1) | χ2 = 24.26 | .000 | .413 | ||||
| Adequate Functioningc | 95 (81.2) | 46 (32.4) | χ2 = 61.60 | .000 | .488 | 23 (24.0) | 23 (50.0) | χ2 = 9.63 | .004 | .260 |
| Independent Living | 117 (100.0) | 111 (78.2) | χ2 = 29.02 | .000 | .335 | 69 (71.9) | 42 (91.3) | χ2 = 6.88 | .009 | .220 |
| Social Functioning | 101 (86.3) | 79 (55.6) | χ2 = 28.10 | .000 | .330 | 49 (51.0) | 30 (65.2) | χ2 = 2.53 | .149 | .134 |
| Full-time Occupationd (work/study/other) | 111 (94.9) | 48 (33.8) | χ2 = 100.93 | .000 | .624 | 25 (26.0) | 23 (50.0) | χ2 = 7.98 | .008 | .237 |
| Altering Clinical Recovery Criteria | ||||||||||
| Duration | ||||||||||
| Duratione, Present/No Duration | 52 (36.6) | 25 (26.0) | 27 (58.7) | χ2 = 14.29 | .000 | .317 | ||||
| Duratione, 6 months | 50 (35.2) | 24 (25.0) | 26 (56.5) | χ2 = 13.55 | .000 | .309 | ||||
| Duratione, 24 months | 38 (26.8) | 18 (18.8) | 20 (43.5) | χ2 = 9.70 | .003 | .261 | ||||
| Duratione, 60 months | 25 (17.6) | 13 (13.5) | 12 (26.1) | χ2 = 3.37 | .098 | .154 | ||||
| Symptom Remission | ||||||||||
| Psychotic + Affective Remissionf | 38 (26.8) | 17 (17.9) | 21 (45.7) | χ2 = 12.13 | .001 | .293 | ||||
| Affective Remissiong | 83 (58.5) | 56 (58.9) | 27 (58.7) | χ2 = 0.00 | 1.000 | .002 | ||||
| Adequate Functioning | ||||||||||
| Social functioning—Close friendh | 110 (94.0) | 46 (32.4) | χ2 = 101.70 | .000 | .627 | 23 (24.0) | 23 (50.0) | χ2 = 9.63 | .004 | .260 |
| Part-time Occupationi | 97 (82.9) | 52 (36.6) | χ2 = 57.81 | .000 | .473 | 25 (26.0) | 27 (58.7) | χ2 = 14.29 | .000 | .317 |
| Part-time Occupation + Close friendj | 112 (95.7) | 58 (40.8) | χ2 = 85.66 | .000 | .575 | 27(28.1) | 31 (67.4) | χ2 = 19.85 | .000 | .374 |
| Partial function + Affective Remission k | 45 (31.7) | 21 (21.9) | 24 (52.2) | χ2 = 13.19 | .000 | .305 |
Note: N (%) is reported for all. Missing: Social Functioning total sample = 1; Affective remission = 1.
a Standard clinical recovery definition: Psychotic symptom remission and adequate functioning, 12 months duration
b RGSW consensus criteria (Andreasen et al., 2005): 12 months duration.
c Adequate functioning: 12 months duration.
d Occupation: work/study/other.
e Duration: required period of psychotic remission and adequate functioning (original criteria)
f Standard recovery criteria with adding affective remission (IDS-C (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Clinician Rated) < 14/CDSS < 7/YMRS < 8, no current episode).
g Affective remission (IDS-C (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Clinician Rated) < 14/CDSS < 7/YMRS < 8, no current episode) with 12 months duration.
h Standard recovery criteria with altered social functioning criteria to having a close friend/confidant from meeting friend once weekly. For controls, functioning criteria only.
i Standard recovery criteria with altered occupation to part-time instead of full-time.
j Including both part-time occupation and Social functioning-close friend/confidant (h and i).
k Standard recovery criteria and adding both Part-time occupation + Social functioning-close friend (partial function) and affective symptom remission.