Table 3.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Between Participants in Clinical Recovery* and not in Clinical Recovery at 10-year Follow-up
| Nonrecovery (n = 97) |
Recovery (n = 45) |
Chi-square/t-test/ Mann Whitney | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2/t/U | p | V/D | ||||
| Demographic | ||||||
| Gender, female | 42 (43.3) | 25 (55.6) | χ2 = 1.85 | .207 | .114 | |
| Age | M (SD) | 38.3 (8.2) | 36.3 (8.4) | t = 1.32 | .191 | .237 |
| Country of origin | χ2 = 0.12 | .812 | .032 | |||
| Norwegian | 67 (78.8) | 31 (81.6) | ||||
| Other | 18 (21.2) | 7 (18.4) | ||||
| Education, years | M (SD) | 12.8 (2.3) | 15.1 (2.2) | t = −5.10 | .000 | −1.007 |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Diagnosis, 10 years | ||||||
| Schizophrenia spectrum | 74 (76.3) | 22 (48.9) | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 49 | 6 | ||||
| Schizophreniform | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Schizoaffective | 10 | 5 | ||||
| ”Other Psychoses”a | 15 | 10 | ||||
| Bipolar spectrum | 23 (23.7) | 23 (51.1) | ||||
| Bipolar 1 Disorder | 21 | 21 | ||||
| Bipolar 2 Disorder | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Bipolar NOS | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Psychotic ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 2 (1–40) | 2 (0–7) | U = 1913.50 | .401 | |
| Manic ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 1 (0–42) | 2 (0–9) | U = 487.50 | .726 | |
| Depressive ep. FUb | Mdn (ran) | 2 (0–48) | 2 (0–38) | U = 1133.00 | .198 | |
| PANSSc | M (SD) | |||||
| Positive | 8.7 (4.3) | 4.6 (1.1) | t = 6.25 | .000 | 1.13 | |
| Negative | 10.6 (5.8) | 6.9 (1.7) | t = 4.20 | .000 | .758 | |
| Disorganized | 4.7 (2.3) | 3.3 (0.5) | t = 4.01 | .000 | .723 | |
| Excited | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.3 (0.8) | t = 2.52 | .013 | .454 | |
| Depressive | 7.2 (3.5) | 4.4 (1.9) | t = 5.12 | .000 | .923 | |
| CDSSd | M (SD) | 4.1 (4.9) | .8 (1.6) | t = 4.29 | .000 | .796 |
| YMRSe | M (SD) | 4.4 (4.4) | 1.0 (1.6) | t = 4.98 | .000 | .910 |
| GAF-Ff | M (SD) | 51.1 (12.7) | 80.7 (6.5) | t = -14.70 | .000 | -2.65 |
| AUDITg | Mdn (ran) | 4 (0–28) | 3 (0–20) | U = 1664.00 | .785 | |
| DUDITh | Mdn (ran) | 0 (0–42) | 0 (0–23) | U = 1643.00 | .624 | |
| Medicated, psychotropic | 64 (67.4) | 31 (68.9) | χ2 = 0.03 | 1.000 | .015 |
Note: N (%) is reported unless otherwise specified, M (SD) = Mean (Standard Deviation), Mdn (ran) = Median (range).
* Standard clinical recovery definition: Psychotic symptom remission and adequate functioning, 12 months duration.
a Delusional disorder = 5; brief psychotic disorder = 1; psychotic disorder not otherwise specified = 19.
b Episodes during follow-up period.
c PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale.
d CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia.
e YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
f GAF-F, Global Assessment of Functioning—functioning subscale.
g AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.
h DUDIT, Drug Use Disorder Identification Test.