Table 6.
Regression analysis of the association of GI manifestations and demographics with the outcome of COVID-19 disease
| Covariate | Outcome | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| †Length of hospitalization AOR (95% CI) | P | ICU admission AOR (95%CI) | P | Mechanical ventilation AOR (95%CI) | P | Death AOR (95%CI) | P | |
| Age | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | 0.002* | 1.04 (1.025-1.06) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.026-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.08 (1.045-1.11) | <.001* |
| Gender | 1.45 (0.869-2.41) | 0.15 | 1.71 (0.955-3.05) | 0.07 | 2.32 (1.171-4.58) | 0.016* | 2.66 (1.09-6.47) | 0.03* |
| Male | ||||||||
| Nationality | 1.67 (1.037-2.68) | 0.03* | 2.21 (1.336-3.65) | 0.002* | 2.77 (1.581-4.85) | <.001* | 3.59 (1.73-7.44) | <0.001* |
| Non-Saudi | ||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.26 (0.772-2.06) | 0.35 | 1.29 (0.78-2.13) | 0.32 | 1.52 (0.876-2.62) | 0.13 | 1.49 (0.753-2.93) | 0.25 |
| Hypertension | 1.27 (0.724-2.22) | 0.40 | 1.25 (0.714-2.17) | 0.42 | 1.15 (0.629-2.09) | 0.65 | 1.11 (0.542-2.29) | 0.76 |
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 0.65 (0.246-1.71) | 0.38 | 1.16 (0.422-3.20) | 0.77 | 1.18 (0.395-3.50) | 0.77 | 1.57 (0.454-5.44) | 0.47 |
| Chronic kidney diseases | 2.27 (0.694-7.43) | 0.17 | 1.77 (0.631-4.98) | 0.27 | 1.18 (0.385-3.60) | 0.7 | 1.80 (0.507-6.38) | 0.36 |
| Preexisting GI diseases | 2.10 (0.704-6.27) | 0.18 | 1.85 (0.62-5.55) | 0.26 | 2.11 (0.651-6.86) | 0.21 | 3.74 (0.926-15.12) | 0.06 |
| GI manifestations | 0.82 (0.508-1.31) | 0.40 | 0.73 (0.433-1.22) | 0.22 | 0.63 (0.353-1.14) | 0.12 | 0.36 (0.158-0.82) | 0.01* |
*Significant at P <0.05 level. AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; GI, Gastrointestinal. †Length of hospitalization (we used cut-off of more than 7 days) which is correlated with a reported median duration of hospital stay in Saudi Arabia.[36]