Table 6. Practices of COVID-19 non-pharmacological interventions according to baseline characteristics.
| Cancelled or postponed external meetings | Reduced use of public transportation | Reduced shopping frequency | Reduced exposure to closed spaces | Avoidance of public gathering | Coughing etiquette | Physical distancing | Regular hand cleaning | Face mask | No face touching with uncleaned hands | No handshake or kissing | Discussed preventive measures with close ones | Best practice level | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Gender | *** | ** | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 316 (52.8) | 328 (54.8) | 230 (38.5) | 330 (55.2) | 415 (69.4) | 251 (42.0) | 452 (75.6) | 521 (87.1) | 521 (87.1) | 212 (35.5) | 413 (69.1) | 233 (39.0) | 226 (37.7) | |||||||||||||
| Female | 367 (50.7) | 374 (51.7) | 375 (51.8) | 377 (52.1) | 438 (60.5) | 307 (42.4) | 503 (69.5) | 616 (85.1) | 619 (85.5) | 254 (35.1) | 488 (67.4) | 276 (38.1) | 284 (39.1) | |||||||||||||
| Age | * | ** | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 24 | 58 (46.8) | 56 (45.2) | 46 (37.1) | 63 (50.8) | 65 (52.4) | 51 (41.1) | 73 (58.9) | 107 (86.3) | 101 (81.5) | 41 (33.1) | 77 (62.1) | 36 (29.0) | 40 (32.0) | |||||||||||||
| 25-35 | 178 (52.5) | 179 (52.8) | 165 (48.7) | 186 (54.9) | 222 (65.5) | 147 (43.4) | 238 (70.2) | 285 (84.1) | 293 (86.4) | 128 (37.8) | 237 (69.9) | 136 (40.1) | 139 (41.0) | |||||||||||||
| 36-49 | 222 (53.5) | 225 (54.2) | 191 (46.0) | 226 (54.5) | 265 (63.9) | 181 (43.6) | 311 (74.9) | 355 (85.5) | 356 (85.8) | 146 (35.2) | 289 (69.6) | 166 (40.0) | 166 (39.7) | |||||||||||||
| 50-64 | 152 (53.0) | 156 (54.4) | 129 (44.9) | 156 (54.4) | 188 (65.5) | 124 (43.2) | 224 (78.0) | 259 (90.2) | 261 (90.9) | 107 (37.3) | 191 (66.6) | 114 (39.7) | 114 (39.7) | |||||||||||||
| ≥ 65 | 60 (50.4) | 69 (58.0) | 54 (45.4) | 58 (48.7) | 85 (71.4) | 43 (36.1) | 82 (68.9) | 95 (79.8) | 95 (79.8) | 37 (31.1) | 82 (68.9) | 45 (37.8) | 40 (33.6) | |||||||||||||
| Religion of household head | ** | * | *** | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catholic | 220 (55.8) | 242 (61.4) | 195 (49.5) | 228 (57.9) | 277 (70.3) | 180 (45.7) | 311 (78.9) | 346 (87.8) | 346 (87.8) | 156 (39.6) | 282 (71.6) | 163 (41.4) | 165 (41.9) | |||||||||||||
| Protestant | 99 (47.8) | 104 (50.2) | 87 (42.0) | 113 (54.6) | 135 (65.2) | 87 (42.0) | 163 (78.7) | 185 (89.4) | 179 (86.5) | 68 (32.9) | 146 (70.5) | 72 (34.8) | 78 (37.5) | |||||||||||||
| Revival Church | 253 (50.6) | 247 (49.4) | 218 (43.6) | 253 (50.6) | 299 (59.8) | 197 (39.4) | 331 (66.2) | 422 (84.4) | 435 (87.0) | 173 (34.6) | 327 (65.4) | 184 (36.8) | 183 (36.5) | |||||||||||||
| Others | 111 (50.0) | 109 (49.1) | 105 (47.3) | 114 (51.4) | 142 (64.0) | 94 (42.3) | 150 (67.6) | 184 (82.9) | 181 (81.5) | 69 (31.1) | 146 (65.8) | 90 (40.5) | 84 (37.7) | |||||||||||||
| Education level | *** | ** | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | * | * | ||||||||||||||
| Low | 148 (40.2) | 167 (45.4) | 162 (44.0) | 164 (44.6) | 216 (58.7) | 136 (37.0) | 235 (63.9) | 293 (79.6) | 304 (82.6) | 104 (28.3) | 225 (61.1) | 124 (33.7) | 124 (33.7) | |||||||||||||
| Medium and high | 535 (56.0) | 435 (56.0) | 443 (46.4) | 544 (57.0) | 637 (66.7) | 422 (44.2) | 720 (75.4) | 844 (88.4) | 837 (87.6) | 362 (37.9) | 676 (70.8) | 385 (40.3) | 386 (40.3) | |||||||||||||
| Income terciles | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | *** | |||||||||||||
| 1st | 189 (42.0) | 198 (44.0) | 184 (40.9) | 208 (46.2) | 245 (54.4) | 158 (35.1) | 288 (64.0) | 362 (80.4) | 357 (79.3) | 138 (30.7) | 283 (62.9) | 150 (33.3) | 141 (31.1) | |||||||||||||
| 2nd and 3rd | 490 (56.5) | 502 (57.8) | 421 (48.5) | 498 (57.4) | 607 (69.9) | 398 (45.9) | 664 (76.5) | 771 (88.8) | 781 (90.0) | 326 (37.6) | 616 (71.0) | 357 (41.1) | 369 (42.5) | |||||||||||||
| Household size | * | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 6 | 406 (51.4) | 437 (55.3) | 371 (47.0) | 445 (56.3) | 520 (65.8) | 341 (43.2) | 580 (73.4) | 684 (86.6) | 684 (86.6) | 293 (37.1) | 543 (68.7) | 315 (39.9) | 318 (40.1) | |||||||||||||
| ≥ 7 | 277 (52.0) | 265 (49.7) | 234 (43.9) | 263 (49.3) | 333 (62.5 | 217 (40.7) | 375 (70.4) | 453 (85.0) | 509 (85.7) | 173 (32.5) | 358 (67.2) | 194 (36.4) | 192 (36.0) | |||||||||||||
| Slum household | * | ** | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 379 (53.5) | 386 (54.4) | 321 (45.3) | 388 (54.7) | 470 (66.3) | 306 (43.2) | 531 (74.9) | 629 (88.7) | 628 (88.6) | 262 (37.0) | 494 (69.7) | 257 (36.2) | 273 (38.5) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 300 (49.3) | 313 (51.5) | 284 (46.7) | 317 (52.1) | 381 (62.7) | 250 (41.1) | 420 (69.1) | 503 (82.7) | 509 (83.7) | 201 (33.1) | 404 (66.4) | 250 (41.1) | 237 (38.7) | |||||||||||||
Note.
* p-value < .05
** p-value < .01
*** p-value < .001