Fig 8. Effect of single infections on IgG levels to other infections.

Only individuals with single infections or no infections at all detected by the combination of microscopy and qPCR are shown. Antibody levels are presented as the log₁₀-transformed median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IgG against Strongyloides stercoralis (NIE), Schistosoma spp. (Sm25 and MEA) and P. falciparum (EXP1, AMA1 and MSP2) antigens. For each antigen, antibody levels for each species were compared to the levels of those with no infection and the corresponding species to the antigen was shown as a reference. Statistical comparison between groups was performed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the adjusted P values by the Holm approach are shown. Statistically significant P values are highlighted in bold. The sample size of each group is shown below each boxplot. The boxplots represent the median (bold line), the mean (black diamond), the first and third quartiles (box) and the largest and smallest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). Data beyond the end of the whiskers are outliers. Cutoff95SE: cutoff prioritizing a minimum sensitivity of 95%; Cutoff95SP: cutoff prioritizing a minimum specificity of 95%; CutoffYI: cutoff corresponding to the maximum Youden’s Index; CutoffEM: cutoff defined by the Expectation-Maximization algorithm; CutoffNC: cutoff calculated as mean + 3*standard deviations of the log₁₀-transformed MFI levels from the non-endemic population. Asc: Ascaris spp.; Hoo: Hookworm; Tri: Trichuris spp.; Str: Strongyloides stercoralis; Sch: Schistosoma spp. Hel: Helminths; Pf: Plasmodium falciparum. The rest of the antigens are in S4 and S5 Figs.