Table 3.
Respondent socio-demographic characteristics and workplace attendance for the full study sample, and within each time slice.
| Full study sample (total n = 78,917), % (n) | Rule of six indoors and outdoors (total n = 3423), % (n) | Second national lockdown (total n = 5223), % (n) | Third national lockdown (total n = 5116), % (n) | Rule of six outdoors, no indoor mixing (total n = 3298), % (n) | Rule of six indoors, up to 30 people outdoors (total n = 3367), % (n) | No restrictions on social mixing (total n = 3438), % (n) | No legal obligation to self-isolate (total n = 5455), % (n) | p-value between time slices | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | East Midlands | 9.0 (7124) | 8.4 (289) | 9.4 (491) | 9.1 (468) | 9.3 (308) | 9.1 (307) | 8.8 (303) | 9.2 (504) | 0.90 |
| East of England | 11.4 (9011) | 10.5 (358) | 11.7 (610) | 12.0 (613) | 12.2 (403) | 11.4 (383) | 10.8 (372) | 11.2 (611) | ||
| London | 14.1 (11,116) | 14.6 (501) | 14.1 (736) | 14.0 (714) | 13.3 (440) | 14.2 (478) | 14.2 (489) | 14.0 (761) | ||
| North East | 5.2 (4068) | 5.1 (173) | 5.8 (302) | 5.2 (266) | 5.2 (172) | 5.3 (177) | 5.1 (175) | 5.3 (289) | ||
| North West | 13.3 (10,510) | 13.6 (466) | 13.1 (683) | 12.9 (658) | 13.2 (436) | 12.6 (425) | 14.2 (488) | 13.6 (742) | ||
| South East | 15.9 (12,512) | 15.1 (517) | 15.4 (802) | 16.0 (819) | 15.1 (497) | 15.9 (535) | 15.1 (518) | 15.7 (857) | ||
| South West | 10.2 (8081) | 10.2 (349) | 10.0 (522) | 10.4 (531) | 9.9 (328) | 10.4 (350) | 10.8 (371) | 9.8 (534) | ||
| West Midlands | 10.6 (8360) | 11.2 (382) | 10.3 (539) | 9.8 (499) | 10.8 (357) | 10.3 (348) | 10.5 (362) | 11.1 (603) | ||
| Yorkshire and The Humber | 10.3 (8135) | 11.3 (388) | 10.3 (538) | 10.7 (548) | 10.8 (357) | 10.8 (364) | 10.5 (360) | 10.2 (554) | ||
| Gender | Male | 46.7 (36,728) | 45.8 (1563) | 46.7 (2434) | 47.4 (2419) | 46.8 (1538) | 45.8 (1536) | 46.8 (1605) | 48.2 (2615) | 0.28 |
| Female | 53.3 (41,923) | 54.2 (1852) | 53.3 (2774) | 52.6 (2682) | 53.2 (1751) | 54.2 (1816) | 53.2 (1828) | 51.8 (2815) | ||
| Age | Mean, SD | M = 48.4, SD = 17.7 | M = 48.0, SD = 16.9 | M = 48.6, SD = 17.1 | M = 48.8, SD = 17.5 | M = 47.6, SD = 16.9 | M = 48.5, SD = 17.3 | M = 49.4, SD = 17.3 | M = 48.6, SD = 17.1 | < 0.001* |
| 16 to 24 years | 10.7 (8463) | 8.9 (306) | 9.5 (498) | 9.9 (505) | 8.9 (295) | 9.6 (324) | 9.2 (317) | 13.4 (731) | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 16.1 (12,686) | 17.0 (581) | 15.1 (788) | 15.5 (794) | 17.6 (579) | 15.9 (536) | 14.8 (509) | 17.8 (971) | ||
| 35 to 44 years | 16.3 (12,871) | 18.5 (633) | 17.7 (925) | 16.3 (836) | 18.3 (604) | 16.9 (570) | 16.4 (564) | 15.2 (829) | ||
| 45 to 54 years | 18.1 (14,281) | 19.3 (662) | 18.6 (971) | 18.7 (955) | 19.7 (651) | 18.1 (608) | 18.9 (651) | 16.9 (920) | ||
| 55 to 64 years | 16.4 (12,912) | 15.0 (514) | 17.3 (901) | 17.1 (876) | 16.6 (548) | 17.8 (598) | 17.6 (605) | 13.7 (745) | ||
| 65 to 74 years | 14.6 (11,498) | 14.8 (506) | 15.6 (815) | 15.0 (768) | 12.6 (414) | 15.4 (519) | 14.4 (494) | 12.9 (706) | ||
| 75+ years | 7.9 (6206) | 6.5 (221) | 6.2 (325) | 7.5 (382) | 6.3 (207) | 6.3 (212) | 8.7 (298) | 10.1 (553) | ||
| Dependent child in household | None | 67.5 (53,308) | 65.8 (2253) | 68.4 (3574) | 67.9 (3473) | 65.6 (2164) | 66.9 (2254) | 67.8 (2332) | 64.5 (3519) | < 0.001* |
| Child present | 32.5 (25,609) | 34.2 (1170) | 31.6 (1649) | 32.1 (1643) | 34.4 (1134) | 33.1 (1113) | 32.2 (1106) | 35.5 (1936) | ||
| Chronic illness (self) | No | 71.2 (53,738) | 70.1 (2356) | 71.1 (3628) | 72.3 (3626) | 72.1 (2310) | 71.6 (2359) | 70.7 (2369) | 70.5 (3769) | 0.22 |
| Yes | 28.8 (21,730) | 29.9 (1003) | 28.9 (1474) | 27.7 (1391) | 27.9 (892) | 28.4 (935) | 29.3 (984) | 29.5 (1579) | ||
| Household member has chronic illness | No | 84.6 (63,864) | 83.9 (2817) | 83.7 (4268) | 83.7 (4199) | 84.6 (2708) | 84.6 (2787) | 84.7 (2839) | 85.8 (4587) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 15.4 (11,604) | 16.1 (542) | 16.3 (834) | 16.3 (818) | 15.4 (494) | 15.4 (507) | 15.3 (514) | 14.2 (761) | ||
| Employment status | Not working | 44.8 (34,865) | 44.4 (1500) | 45.0 (2314) | 44.5 (2248) | 42.5 (1379) | 45.1 (1499) | 44.7 (1518) | 43.0 (2317) | 0.12 |
| Working | 55.2 (43,001) | 55.6 (1880) | 55.0 (2830) | 55.5 (2807) | 57.5 (1867) | 54.9 (1824) | 55.3 (1876) | 57.0 (3077) | ||
| Highest earner in household works in a manual occupation | No | 71.6 (55,239) | 71.3 (2386) | 70.7 (3618) | 71.9 (3599) | 70.6 (2279) | 72.3 (2383) | 70.8 (2377) | 73.1 (3906) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 28.4 (21,873) | 28.7 (960) | 29.3 (1497) | 28.1 (1408) | 29.4 (951) | 27.7 (912) | 29.2 (982) | 26.9 (1436) | ||
| Index of multiple deprivation | 1st (least) to 4th quartile (most deprived), mean, SD | M = 2.66, SD = 1.1 | M = 2.61, SD = 1.1 | M = 2.62, SD = 1.1 | M = 2.56, SD = 1.1 | M = 2.64, SD = 1.09 | M = 2.61, SD = 1.1 | M = 2.61, SD = 1.11 | M = 2.62, SD = 1.1 | < 0.001* |
| Highest educational or professional qualification | Less than degree | 67.0 (52,856) | 67.5 (2311) | 65.4 (3417) | 65.6 (3357) | 66.5 (2192) | 67.1 (2259) | 66.7 (2292) | 67.2 (3667) | 0.24 |
| Degree or higher | 33.0 (26,061) | 32.5 (1112) | 34.6 (1806) | 34.4 (1759) | 33.5 (1106) | 32.9 (1108) | 33.3 (1146) | 32.8 (1788) | ||
| Ethnicity | White British | 83.0 (65,122) | 84.7 (2883) | 83.5 (4330) | 84.1 (4284) | 81.2 (2658) | 81.8 (2742) | 84.6 (2890) | 81.1 (4397) | < 0.001* |
| White other | 5.9 (4638) | 6.5 (221) | 6.9 (360) | 6.7 (339) | 7.4 (242) | 6.0 (202) | 5.5 (189) | 5.1 (275) | ||
| Black and minority ethnicity | 11.1 (8681) | 8.8 (299) | 9.6 (498) | 9.2 (471) | 11.4 (374) | 12.1 (407) | 9.9 (337) | 13.8 (748) | ||
| First language | Not English | 8.5 (6713) | 8.0 (274) | 8.7 (457) | 8.5 (437) | 9.5 (314) | 8.8 (295) | 7.2 (248) | 9.1 (494) | 0.02 |
| English | 91.5 (72,204) | 92.0 (3149) | 91.3 (4766) | 91.5 (4679) | 90.5 (2984) | 91.2 (3072) | 92.8 (3190) | 90.9 (4961) | ||
| Living alone | Not living alone | 79.6 (62,808) | 81.1 (2775) | 80.2 (4190) | 80.4 (4113) | 80.3 (2648) | 79.4 (2672) | 77.0 (2647) | 79.3 (4328) | 0.001* |
| Living alone | 20.4 (16,109) | 18.9 (648) | 19.8 (1033) | 19.6 (1003) | 19.7 (650) | 20.6 (695) | 23.0 (791) | 20.7 (1127) | ||
| Relationship status | Not partnered | 40.4 (31,599) | 39.2 (1323) | 38.7 (1995) | 38.8 (1969) | 39.3 (1283) | 40.0 (1332) | 40.4 (1372) | 42.0 (2279) | 0.009 |
| Partnered | 59.6 (46,607) | 60.8 (2053) | 61.3 (3161) | 61.2 (3104) | 60.7 (1984) | 60.0 (1996) | 59.6 (2028) | 58.0 (3146) | ||
| Ever had COVID-19 | Think not | 78.2 (61,694) | 84.6 (2895) | 85.5 (4464) | 83.6 (4278) | 82.3 (2714) | 82.8 (2788) | 79.8 (2745) | 58.1 (3172) | < 0.001* |
| Think yes | 21.8 (17,223) | 15.4 (528) | 14.5 (759) | 16.4 (838) | 17.7 (584) | 17.2 (579) | 20.2 (693) | 41.9 (2283) | ||
| Financial hardship | Range 3 (least) to 15 (most), mean, SD | N = 76,811, M = 7.7, SD = 3.1 | N = 3312, M = 7.9, SD = 3.0 | N = 5009, M = 7.9, SD = 3.0 | N = 4898, M = 7.9, SD = 2.9 | N = 3239, M = 7.6, SD = 3.1 | N = 3311, M = 7.5, SD = 3.1 | N = 3376, M = 7.4, SD = 3.2 | N = 5009, M = 7.9, SD = 3.0 | < 0.001* |
| Been out to work in last week | No | 63.3 (49,940) | 64.9 (2221) | 68.5 (3576) | 73.7 (3772) | 62.6 (2065) | 61.4 (2066) | 60.4 (2077) | 54.5 (2975) | < 0.001* |
| Yes | 36.7 (28,987) | 35.1 (1202) | 31.5 (1647) | 26.3 (1344) | 37.4 (1233) | 38.6 (1301) | 39.6 (1361) | 45.5 (2480) |
*p ≤ 0.004.