Table 5.

Socio-demographic characteristics associated with engaging in highest risk social mixing at different time points in the pandemic.

Attribute	Level	Rule of six indoors and outdoors		Second national lockdown		Third national lockdown		Rule of six outdoors, no indoor mixing		Rule of six indoors, up to 30 people outdoors		No legal restrictions		No legal obligation to self-isolate
		aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p	aOR for engaging in highest risk social mixing (95% CI)†	p
Survey wave in timepoint	Wave 1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Wave 2	0.93 (0.77 to 1.11)	0.40	0.85 (0.64 to 1.12)	0.25	0.82 (0.55 to 1.21)	0.32	1.57 (1.24 to 1.99)	< 0.001*	0.87 (0.73 to 1.02)	0.09	1.14 (0.98 to 1.32)	0.09	0.96 (0.83 to 1.10)	0.52
	Wave 3	–	–	0.81 (0.61 to 1.08)	0.16	1.25 (0.88 to 1.79)	0.22	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.97 (0.85 to 1.12)	0.71
	Overall	–	–	χ2(2) = 2.3	0.32	χ2(2) = 5.0	0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–	χ2(2) = 0.4	0.81
Region	East Midlands	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	East of England	0.93 (0.62 to 1.40)	0.74	1.50 (0.91 to 2.47)	0.11	0.98 (0.48 to 2.02)	0.96	1.20 (0.71 to 2.02)	0.50	1.09 (0.76 to 1.57)	0.64	1.26 (0.90 to 1.77)	0.17	1.13 (0.88 to 1.44)	0.35
	London	0.90 (0.61 to 1.34)	0.61	1.02 (0.62 to 1.70)	0.93	1.07 (0.55 to 2.07)	0.84	1.11 (0.66 to 1.85)	0.70	0.99 (0.69 to 1.44)	0.97	1.14 (0.82 to 1.58)	0.44	1.07 (0.84 to 1.37)	0.56
	North East	0.91 (0.55 to 1.49)	0.70	0.79 (0.39 to 1.60)	0.52	1.11 (0.47 to 2.63)	0.81	1.28 (0.68 to 2.40)	0.45	1.64 (1.07 to 2.52)	0.02	1.14 (0.75 to 1.72)	0.54	1.49 (1.09 to 2.02)	0.01
	North West	0.59 (0.39 to 0.89)	0.01	0.85 (0.49 to 1.45)	0.54	1.34 (0.69 to 2.61)	0.39	0.80 (0.47 to 1.38)	0.43	0.89 (0.62 to 1.29)	0.55	0.94 (0.68 to 1.30)	0.72	1.17 (0.92 to 1.49)	0.19
	South East	0.87 (0.60 to 1.28)	0.49	1.14 (0.69 to 1.88)	0.60	1.00 (0.51 to 1.97)	1.00	1.62 (1.00 to 2.64)	0.05	0.89 (0.63 to 1.26)	0.51	1.13 (0.82 to 1.55)	0.46	1.16 (0.92 to 1.46)	0.22
	South West	1.22 (0.82 to 1.82)	0.32	1.03 (0.59 to 1.79)	0.92	0.65 (0.28 to 1.47)	0.30	1.26 (0.74 to 2.16)	0.40	1.06 (0.73 to 1.54)	0.74	0.98 (0.70 to 1.38)	0.92	1.02 (0.79 to 1.32)	0.86
	West Midlands	0.89 (0.60 to 1.33)	0.57	1.29 (0.77 to 2.16)	0.33	1.38 (0.70 to 2.74)	0.35	1.03 (0.60 to 1.77)	0.91	1.22 (0.84 to 1.76)	0.30	0.92 (0.66 to 1.30)	0.65	1.18 (0.92 to 1.51)	0.20
	Yorkshire and The Humber	0.94 (0.63 to 1.40)	0.76	1.15 (0.68 to 1.95)	0.60	1.43 (0.73 to 2.79)	0.30	1.28 (0.76 to 2.17)	0.36	1.18 (0.82 to 1.71)	0.37	1.13 (0.80 to 1.59)	0.49	1.17 (0.91 to 1.52)	0.22
	Overall	χ2(8) = 14.1	0.08	χ2(8) = 8.6	0.38	χ2(8) = 6.6	0.58	χ2(8) = 10.8	0.21	χ2(8) = 13.7	0.09	χ2(8) = 6.9	0.54	χ2(8) = 8.6	0.38
Gender	Male	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Female	1.09 (0.90 to 1.31)	0.38	0.80 (0.63 to 1.01)	0.06	0.58 (0.42 to 0.79)	0.001*	0.85 (0.67 to 1.07)	0.17	1.11 (0.93 to 1.31)	0.24	1.17 (1.00 to 1.36)	0.05	1.44 (1.29 to 1.61)	< 0.001*
Age (per decade)	Raw age	0.89 (0.83 to 0.95)	0.001*	0.88 (0.80 to 0.96)	0.004*	0.84 (0.75 to 0.94)	0.003*	0.86 (0.79 to 0.94)	0.001*	0.92 (0.86 to 0.98)	0.01	0.93 (0.87 to 0.99)	0.01	0.92 (0.88 to 0.96)	< 0.001*
Age: quadratic (age–mean)2	–	1.0004 (1.0000 to 1.0007)	0.03	1.0004 (0.9999 to 1.0008)	0.09	1.0005 (0.9999 to 1.0010)	0.09	1.0008 (1.0003 to 1.0012)	< 0.001*	1.0002 (0.9999 to 1.0005)	0.29	1.0001 (0.9998 to 1.0003)	0.63	1.0001 (1.0000 to 1.0003)	0.13
Dependent child in household	None	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Child present	1.08 (0.87 to 1.35)	0.49	1.16 (0.87 to 1.55)	0.30	1.21 (0.83 to 1.77)	0.31	1.16 (0.88 to 1.55)	0.30	1.02 (0.83 to 1.26)	0.85	0.94 (0.77 to 1.13)	0.50	0.97 (0.84 to 1.12)	0.66
Chronic illness (self)	No	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Yes	0.8 (0.65 to 1.00)	0.05	0.78 (0.58 to 1.04)	0.09	1.33 (0.94 to 1.89)	0.11	0.88 (0.66 to 1.16)	0.37	1.04 (0.86 to 1.26)	0.70	0.84 (0.70 to 1.00)	0.05	0.76 (0.67 to 0.87)	< 0.001*
Household member has chronic illness	No	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Yes	0.86 (0.66 to 1.12)	0.27	1.12 (0.81 to 1.56)	0.50	0.96 (0.61 to 1.53)	0.87	0.81 (0.56 to 1.16)	0.24	0.98 (0.77 to 1.25)	0.89	0.88 (0.70 to 1.09)	0.23	1.11 (0.94 to 1.31)	0.20
Employment status	Not working	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Working	0.96 (0.77 to 1.19)	0.70	0.76 (0.58 to 1.00)	0.05	1.21 (0.83 to 1.76)	0.32	0.90 (0.68 to 1.19)	0.45	0.90 (0.74 to 1.10)	0.31	0.81 (0.67 to 0.97)	0.03	0.84 (0.73 to 0.97)	0.02
Highest earner in household works in a manual occupation	No	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Yes	1.16 (0.94 to 1.43)	0.16	1.02 (0.78 to 1.33)	0.90	1.17 (0.83 to 1.65)	0.38	1.22 (0.94 to 1.58)	0.14	0.92 (0.75 to 1.12)	0.39	1.03 (0.87 to 1.23)	0.71	0.95 (0.83 to 1.09)	0.48
Index of multiple deprivation	1st (least) to 4th quartile (most deprived)	1.04 (0.95 to 1.13)	0.43	1.06 (0.95 to 1.19)	0.30	1.07 (0.92 to 1.24)	0.37	1.14 (1.02 to 1.29)	0.02	0.95 (0.88 to 1.03)	0.20	0.93 (0.87 to 1.01)	0.07	1.11 (1.05 to 1.18)	< 0.001*
Highest educational or professional qualification	Less than degree	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Degree or higher	0.98 (0.79 to 1.20)	0.83	0.81 (0.62 to 1.05)	0.11	1.10 (0.79 to 1.54)	0.57	0.95 (0.73 to 1.24)	0.70	0.99 (0.82 to 1.20)	0.92	0.86 (0.73 to 1.02)	0.09	0.95 (0.84 to 1.08)	0.43
Ethnicity	White British	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	White other	1.15 (0.74 to 1.81)	0.53	1.71 (1.06 to 2.78)	0.03	1.09 (0.56 to 2.12)	0.80	1.43 (0.87 to 2.35)	0.15	1.04 (0.68 to 1.60)	0.85	1.44 (0.96 to 2.14)	0.08	0.94 (0.69 to 1.29)	0.70
	Black and minority ethnicity	0.82 (0.57 to 1.20)	0.31	1.60 (1.09 to 2.35)	0.02	1.34 (0.82 to 2.21)	0.24	1.18 (0.80 to 1.73)	0.40	0.82 (0.61 to 1.12)	0.22	0.97 (0.73 to 1.31)	0.86	0.82 (0.67 to 1.00)	0.05
	Overall	χ2(2) = 1.9	0.39	χ2(2) = 8.0	0.02	χ2(2) = 1.4	0.50	χ2(2) = 2.2	0.33	χ2(2) = 1.8	0.41	χ2(2) = 3.5	0.18	χ2(2) = 4.0	0.13
First language	Not English	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	English	1.23 (0.79 to 1.91)	0.36	1.23 (0.77 to 1.96)	0.38	0.76 (0.43 to 1.33)	0.33	1.18 (0.74 to 1.89)	0.48	1.09 (0.75 to 1.60)	0.66	2.15 (1.44 to 3.19)	< 0.001*	1.16 (0.90 to 1.49)	0.26
Living alone	Not living alone	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Living alone	1.16 (0.86 to 1.57)	0.34	1.59 (1.10 to 2.30)	0.01	1.96 (1.27 to 3.01)	0.002*	1.61 (1.11 to 2.33)	0.01	1.14 (0.86 to 1.50)	0.36	1.23 (0.96 to 1.57)	0.10	1.17 (0.97 to 1.41)	0.10
Relationship status	Not partnered	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Partnered	0.83 (0.65 to 1.05)	0.12	0.82 (0.60 to 1.12)	0.21	0.49 (0.33 to 0.72)	< 0.001*	0.87 (0.64 to 1.17)	0.36	1.12 (0.89 to 1.40)	0.33	1.14 (0.93 to 1.41)	0.21	1.08 (0.93 to 1.25)	0.33
Ever had COVID–19	Think not	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Think yes	1.08 (0.84 to 1.40)	0.55	0.95 (0.68 to 1.33)	0.75	1.50 (1.05 to 2.16)	0.03	1.20 (0.90 to 1.60)	0.22	1.06 (0.84 to 1.32)	0.64	1.01 (0.82 to 1.23)	0.94	1.28 (1.14 to 1.44)	< 0.001*
Financial hardship	Range 3 (least) to 15 (most)	0.94 (0.91 to 0.98)	0.001*	1.01 (0.97 to 1.06)	0.54	0.98 (0.93 to 1.04)	0.52	0.99 (0.95 to 1.03)	0.66	0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)	0.001*	0.94 (0.91 to 0.96)	< 0.001*	0.94 (0.92 to 0.96)	< 0.001*

^†Adjusting for wave, region, gender, age (raw and quadratic), presence of a dependent child in the household, having a chronic illness oneself, having a household member who has chronic illness, employment status, highest earner in household works in a manual occupation, index of multiple deprivation, highest educational or professional qualification, ethnicity, first language, living alone, relationship status, having had COVID-19 before, and financial hardship.

*p ≤ 0.004.