Fig. 2.

Diagrammatic presentation of nanotechnology-based treatment approaches for intranasal delivery where nanocarrier may be conjugated to therapeutic agents like siRNA, peptides, peptide inhibitors, or antibodies, or may be administered as virus-like NPs formulated as emulsion or solution and maybe easily administered to the patients via a nasal spray to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection efficiently.

(Reproduced with permission from Itani R, Tobaiqy M, Al Faraj A. Optimizing use of theranostic nanoparticles as a life-saving strategy for treating COVID-19 patients. Theranostics 2020;10(13):5932–42.)