Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Characteristic | No. of studies | % |
|---|---|---|
| Origin (Continent) | ||
| Global | 1 | 3% |
| Oceania | 1 | 3% |
| South America | 2 | 6% |
| Africa | 4 | 11% |
| Asia | 7 | 19% |
| North America | 10 | 28% |
| Europe | 11 | 31% |
| Disease | ||
| Ebola | 2 | 6% |
| Zika | 2 | 6% |
| Pandemic Influenza scenario | 3 | 8% |
| H1N1 (pandemic influenza A) | 11 | 31% |
| COVID-19 | 18 | 50% |
| Study type | ||
| Cost-minimisation & ‘ACER’a cost-effectiveness | 1 | 3% |
| Cost-effectiveness & cost-benefit | 1 | 3% |
| Cost-effectiveness & return on investment-analysis | 1 | 3% |
| Cost-utility & cost-effectiveness | 2 | 6% |
| Cost-utility | 2 | 6% |
| Cost-minimisation analysis | 3 | 8% |
| Cost-benefit | 4 | 11% |
| Cost-effectiveness | 22 | 61% |
| Study design | ||
| Patient simulation model (SEIR) with attached costs | 15 | 42% |
| Decision tree | 10 | 28% |
| Decision tree and Markov | 2 | 6% |
| Decision tree and simulation model | 1 | 3% |
| Simulation model, e.g., Monte Carlo simulation | 4 | 11% |
| Others (survey, micro costing, not described) | 4 | 11% |
| Perspective | ||
| Societal perspective | 9 | 25% |
| Healthcare provider perspective | 12 | 33% |
| Health care and societal perspective | 4 | 11% |
| Public payers' perspective | 1 | 3% |
| Combined health sector perspective (public and private) | 1 | 3% |
| Not explicitly given (societal perspective) | 6 | 17% |
| Not explicitly given | 3 | 8% |
a
Average cost-effectiveness ratio.