Fig. 3.

AC exhibits the inhibitory activity against inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. NF-κB signaling can be activated by the upstream factors, such as ILs, TNFα, LPS, and p38 MAPK. Active NF-κB enters the nucleus to promote the transcriptional expression of inflammatory factors. Extracellular stimulators can also induce ROS production, leading to oxidative stress. These can be effectively abolished by AC treatment.