Table 1.

Summary of parameter values and initial values of variables.

Variable	Description	Values/Source	Unit	References
Initial state values
$S\left(0\right)$	Initial susceptible	population data	individuals	Philippine Statistics Authority (2020)
$E\left(0\right)$	Initial exposed	fitted	individuals
$I_a\left(0\right)$	Initial infectious asymptomatic	fitted	individuals
$I_s\left(0\right)$	Initial infectious symptomatic	fitted	individuals
$C\left(0\right)$	Initial confirmed cases	actual data	individuals	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)
$R\left(0\right)$	Initial recovered	0	individuals	assumed
Model parameter values
$R_0$	Basic reproduction number	4.0, 3.0	dimensionless	U.S. Centers for Disease and Control (2020)
$A$	Constant recruitment rate	population data	individuals/day	macrotrends, 2020a, Philippine Statistics Authority, 2020
$\mu$	Natural death rate	$4.05\times 10^{-5}$	1/day	macrotrends (2020b)
${\beta }_0$	Baseline transmission rate	0.4343, 0.3258	1/day	U.S. Centers for Disease and Control (2020)
$\lambda$	Transmission reduction	fitted	1/day
$\psi$	Relative infectiousness of asymptomatics	1.0000	dimensionless	U.S. Centers for Disease and Control (2020)
$\tau$	Incubation period	5.0000	day	World Health Organization (2020b)
$c$	Proportion of asymptomatic infections	0.1800	dimensionless	Mizumoto et al. (2020)
$\omega$	Symptomatic transition	0.3300	1/day	World Health Organization, 2020a, Mizumoto et al., 2020
$\theta$	Undetected, asymptomatic recovery rate	0.0714	1/day	World Health Organization (2020b)
${\delta }_a$	Detection rate for asymptomatic	case data	1/day	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)
${\delta }_s$	Detection rate for symptomatic	case data	1/day	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)
$r$	Post-detection recovery rate	0.0404	1/day	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)
${\epsilon }_I$	COVID-19 death rate, undetected	0.0031	1/day	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)
${\epsilon }_T$	COVID-19 death rate, detected	0.0031	1/day	Department of Health - Epidemiology Bureau (2020)