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. 2022 Jun 17;35(6):e523–e529. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2022.06.006

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study participants.

All Brazil Taiwan Thailand South Korea UK p
N = 3253 n = 560 n = 614 n = 840 n = 381 n = 858
n (%)
Maternal age (years) <.0001
18–29 1094 (33.6) 164 (29.3) 204 (33.2) 489 (58.2) 51 (13.4) 186 (21.7)
30–39 2005 (61.6) 360 (64.3) 397 (64.7) 318 (37.9) 311 (81.6) 619 (72.1)
>=40 154 (4.7) 36 (6.4) 13 (2.1) 33 (3.9) 19 (5.0) 53 (6.2)
Work status <.0001
Yes 564 (17.3) 87 (15.6) 28 (4.6) 357 (42.5) 61 (16.0) 31 (3.6)
No 762 (23.4) 104 (18.6) 99 (16.1) 312 (37.1) 197 (51.7) 50 (5.8)
On paid maternity leave 1583(48.7) 335(59.9) 312(50.8) 121(14.4) 84(22.1) 731(85.2)
On unpaid maternity leave 343(10.6) 33(5.9) 175(28.5) 50(6.0) 39(10.2) 46(5.4)
Educational level <.0001
Secondary school or lower 787 (24.2) 85 (15.2) 35 (5.7) 458 (54.5) 34 (8.9) 175 (20.4)
College/University or higher 2465 (75.8) 475 (84.8) 579 (94.3) 382 (45.5) 347 (91.1) 682 (79.6)
Parity <.0001
1 1853 (57) 393 (70.2) 424 (69.1) 436 (51.9) 207 (54.6) 393 (45.8)
>1 1398 (43) 167 (29.8) 190 (30.9) 404 (48.1) 172 (45.4) 465 (54.2)
Birth mode <.0001
Vaginal 1985 (61.0) 272 (48.6) 417 (67.9) 489 (58.2) 251 (65.9) 556 (64.8)
Caesarean 1268 (39.0) 288 (51.4) 197 (32.1) 351 (41.8) 130 (34.1) 302 (35.2)
Birthweight (grams) 0.0045
<2500 250 (7.7) 43 (7.7) 57 (9.3) 81 (9.6) 18 (4.7) 51 (5.9)
>=2500 3002 (92.3) 516 (92.3) 557 (90.7) 759 (90.4) 363 (95.3) 807 (94.1)
Preterm birth 399 (12.3) 52 (9.3) 60 (9.8) 173 (20.6) 48 (12.6) 66 (7.7) < .0001
Ever tested COVID-19 positive 417 (12.8) 140 (25.0) 1 (0.2) 143 (17.0) 6 (1.6) 127 (14.8) < .0001
Has received COVID-19 vaccine 2348 (72.2) 543 (97.0) 484 (78.8) 469 (55.8) 96 (25.2) 756 (88.1) < .0001
Impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity <.0001
Insecure to insecure 298 (9.2) 19 (3.4) 236 (28.1) 21 (5.5) 22 (2.6)
Worse 340 (10.5) 75 (13.5) 180 (21.4) 13 (3.4) 72 (8.4)
Better 27 (0.8) 5 (0.9) 13 (1.6) 5 (1.3) 4 (0.5)
Secure to secure 2584 (79.5) 457 (82.2) 614 (100) 411 (48.9) 342 (89.8) 760 (88.6)