Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| All | Brazil | Taiwan | Thailand | South Korea | UK | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3253 | n = 560 | n = 614 | n = 840 | n = 381 | n = 858 | ||
| n (%) | |||||||
| Maternal age (years) | <.0001 | ||||||
| 18–29 | 1094 (33.6) | 164 (29.3) | 204 (33.2) | 489 (58.2) | 51 (13.4) | 186 (21.7) | |
| 30–39 | 2005 (61.6) | 360 (64.3) | 397 (64.7) | 318 (37.9) | 311 (81.6) | 619 (72.1) | |
| >=40 | 154 (4.7) | 36 (6.4) | 13 (2.1) | 33 (3.9) | 19 (5.0) | 53 (6.2) | |
| Work status | <.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 564 (17.3) | 87 (15.6) | 28 (4.6) | 357 (42.5) | 61 (16.0) | 31 (3.6) | |
| No | 762 (23.4) | 104 (18.6) | 99 (16.1) | 312 (37.1) | 197 (51.7) | 50 (5.8) | |
| On paid maternity leave | 1583(48.7) | 335(59.9) | 312(50.8) | 121(14.4) | 84(22.1) | 731(85.2) | |
| On unpaid maternity leave | 343(10.6) | 33(5.9) | 175(28.5) | 50(6.0) | 39(10.2) | 46(5.4) | |
| Educational level | <.0001 | ||||||
| Secondary school or lower | 787 (24.2) | 85 (15.2) | 35 (5.7) | 458 (54.5) | 34 (8.9) | 175 (20.4) | |
| College/University or higher | 2465 (75.8) | 475 (84.8) | 579 (94.3) | 382 (45.5) | 347 (91.1) | 682 (79.6) | |
| Parity | <.0001 | ||||||
| 1 | 1853 (57) | 393 (70.2) | 424 (69.1) | 436 (51.9) | 207 (54.6) | 393 (45.8) | |
| >1 | 1398 (43) | 167 (29.8) | 190 (30.9) | 404 (48.1) | 172 (45.4) | 465 (54.2) | |
| Birth mode | <.0001 | ||||||
| Vaginal | 1985 (61.0) | 272 (48.6) | 417 (67.9) | 489 (58.2) | 251 (65.9) | 556 (64.8) | |
| Caesarean | 1268 (39.0) | 288 (51.4) | 197 (32.1) | 351 (41.8) | 130 (34.1) | 302 (35.2) | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 0.0045 | ||||||
| <2500 | 250 (7.7) | 43 (7.7) | 57 (9.3) | 81 (9.6) | 18 (4.7) | 51 (5.9) | |
| >=2500 | 3002 (92.3) | 516 (92.3) | 557 (90.7) | 759 (90.4) | 363 (95.3) | 807 (94.1) | |
| Preterm birth | 399 (12.3) | 52 (9.3) | 60 (9.8) | 173 (20.6) | 48 (12.6) | 66 (7.7) | < .0001 |
| Ever tested COVID-19 positive | 417 (12.8) | 140 (25.0) | 1 (0.2) | 143 (17.0) | 6 (1.6) | 127 (14.8) | < .0001 |
| Has received COVID-19 vaccine | 2348 (72.2) | 543 (97.0) | 484 (78.8) | 469 (55.8) | 96 (25.2) | 756 (88.1) | < .0001 |
| Impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity | <.0001 | ||||||
| Insecure to insecure | 298 (9.2) | 19 (3.4) | – | 236 (28.1) | 21 (5.5) | 22 (2.6) | |
| Worse | 340 (10.5) | 75 (13.5) | – | 180 (21.4) | 13 (3.4) | 72 (8.4) | |
| Better | 27 (0.8) | 5 (0.9) | – | 13 (1.6) | 5 (1.3) | 4 (0.5) | |
| Secure to secure | 2584 (79.5) | 457 (82.2) | 614 (100) | 411 (48.9) | 342 (89.8) | 760 (88.6) |