Table 5.
Factors associated with impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding behaviour.
| Impact of COVID-19 on feeding directly from breast |
Impact of COVID-19 on feeding with expressed breast milk |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No intention | Shorter | Planned | Longer | p | No intention | Shorter | Planned | Longer | p | |
| n = 489;15.05% | n = 603;18.56% | n = 1746;53.74% | n = 411;12.65% | n = 895;27.55% | n = 654;20.13% | n = 1325;40.78% | n = 375;11.54% | |||
| Maternal age (years) | < .0001 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 50.1 | 39 | 27 | 34.6 | 35.9 | 39 | 30 | 31.7 | ||
| 30–39 | 46 | 57.4 | 67.5 | 61.6 | 59.4 | 57.2 | 64.8 | 63.5 | ||
| > =40 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 4.8 | ||
| Work status | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 27.2 | 18.2 | 13 | 22.6 | 15.5 | 18.7 | 16.5 | 22.1 | ||
| No | 59.7 | 65.7 | 54.6 | 51.2 | 49.5 | 62.3 | 59.9 | 55.2 | ||
| On paid maternity leave | 10 | 14.8 | 9 | 11.7 | 6.4 | 13.5 | 11.1 | 13.6 | ||
| On unpaid maternity leave | 31.7 | 23.6 | 20 | 28.2 | 27.4 | 26.5 | 19.3 | 23.5 | ||
| Educational level | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||||||||
| Secondary school or lower | 46.4 | 21.4 | 18.9 | 24.6 | 33.9 | 24.5 | 18.4 | 21.3 | ||
| College/University or higher | 53.6 | 78.6 | 81.1 | 75.4 | 66.1 | 75.5 | 81.6 | 78.7 | ||
| Primiparous | 59.7 | 65.7 | 54.6 | 51.2 | < .0001 | 49.5 | 62.3 | 59.9 | 55.2 | < .0001 |
| Birth mode | 0.05 | 0.66 | ||||||||
| Vaginal | 60.3 | 56.6 | 61.9 | 64.5 | 60.9 | 59 | 61.7 | 62.1 | ||
| Caesarean | 39.7 | 43.5 | 38.1 | 35.5 | 39.1 | 41 | 38.3 | 37.9 | ||
| Birthweight < 2500 g | 7.6 | 11.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 0.0058 | 5.6 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 0.0006 |
| Preterm birth | 12.9 | 15.6 | 9.9 | 16.6 | < .0001 | 10.4 | 13 | 11 | 19.7 | < .0001 |
| Ever tested COVID-19 positive | 16.6 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 10.5 | 0.02 | 15.9 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Has received COVID-19 vaccine | 63.8 | 70.7 | 77.2 | 63 | < .0001 | 74.2 | 69.4 | 72.5 | 70.9 | 0.2 |
| Impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||||||||
| Insecure to insecure | 18.4 | 9.8 | 6.1 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 6.6 | 9.6 | ||
| Worse | 15 | 11.1 | 7.8 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 11.5 | 7 | 12.3 | ||
| Better | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | ||
| Secure to secure | 65 | 78.6 | 85.4 | 73.2 | 73.3 | 76.7 | 85.8 | 77 | ||
| Breastfeeding belief; M(SD) | 12.5 (2.4) | 12.6 (2.5) | 14.0 (2.6) | 13.1 (2.7) | < .0001 | 13.8 (2.6) | 12.7 (2.5) | 13.5 (2.7) | 13.1 (2.6) | < .0001 |
| Support provider for postnatal infant feeding (Mark all that apply) | ||||||||||
| No support | 15.5 | 13.4 | 16.2 | 15.8 | 0.45 | 20.3 | 17 | 12.9 | 10.9 | < .0001 |
| Healthcare professionals | 69.9 | 67.7 | 65.3 | 70.3 | 0.09 | 60.7 | 65.6 | 70.5 | 72.8 | < .0001 |
| Spouse/partner, friend, or relative | 38.5 | 53.7 | 55.3 | 47.9 | < .0001 | 45.1 | 48.3 | 56.2 | 55.7 | < .0001 |
| Online support group (e.g., Facebook) | 22.7 | 25 | 34.7 | 31.9 | < .0001 | 30.8 | 23.6 | 33.7 | 32.5 | < .0001 |
| Others | 3.9 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 6.1 | 0.005 | 5.5 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 0.04 |
| How contact is/was made with healthcare professionals for postnatal breastfeeding support (Mark all that apply) | ||||||||||
| Never | 25.8 | 27.2 | 26.9 | 26.3 | 0.95 | 34.2 | 27.8 | 22.7 | 21.1 | < .0001 |
| In person | 51.5 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 58.2 | 0.21 | 47.7 | 54.6 | 59.8 | 61.9 | < .0001 |
| By phone | 34.8 | 28.7 | 33.1 | 35.3 | 0.08 | 30.5 | 28.4 | 35.2 | 37.6 | 0.002 |
| Video | 7.8 | 5 | 10 | 10.2 | 0.001 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 0.14 |
| Others | 0.4 | 1 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.0003 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 2 | 1.3 | 0.25 |