Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Sl. No.	Author/s & Year	Location	Study Design/Type	Participants	Major Findings	Level as per socio-ecological model
1	Lei et al. (2020)	South-Western China	Comparative Study	Quarantined individuals and non-quarantined individuals	The study found the prevalence of anxiety and depression among quarantined individuals. The risk factors associated with this included low income, education, high self- evaluated level of knowledge, worry related to infection, having no social support, greater property damage and low perceived health condition.	Individual & Interpersonal
2	Finatti et al. (2020)	USA	Case Report	A 36-year-old COVID-19 affected woman	The findings reflected the risk of developing acute-onset psychosis among individuals without any prior psychiatric history which is correlated with the experience of quarantine.	Individual
3	Fawaz and Samaha, 2020a, Fawaz and Samaha, 2020b	Lebanon	Quantitative Cross-Sectional study	Lebanese citizens	The results found the development of PTSD symptomatology among quarantined individual.	Individual & Public
4	Saurabh & Ranjan 2020	India	Qualitative	Children and Adolescents	The study found that the children and adolescent subjected to quarantine experienced greater psychological distress with worry, fear and hopelessness as the common feelings associated with quarantine experience.	Individual
5	Zanardo et al. (2020)	Italy	Non-concurrent case-control study	Mothers in the immediate post-partum period	The findings reflected the new mothers' concerns about the risk of exposure to virus infection and quarantine experience which resulted in the worsening of depressive symptoms among them.	Individual
6	Sacco et al. (2020)	China	Article review	Home quarantined individuals	The findings highlighted the risks associated with quarantine measures during the pandemic and suggest the measures to prevent and improve the reporting of abuse cases related to domestic violence.	Interpersonal
7	Liu et al. (2020)	China	Article review	Quarantined children	The article focused on the vulnerabilities children go through and the corresponding effective intervention to promote their mental health during challenging times like pandemic.	Individual
8	Davide et al. (2020)	Italy	Naturalistic observation	Outpatients diagnosed with OCD	The study found that quarantine experience significantly worsened the OCD symptoms among patients.	Individual
9	Casagrande et al. (2020)	Rome, Italy	Cross-sectional survey	Quarantined Adults	Pandemic experience is a risk factor for sleep disorders and development of other psychological issues among the Italian population.	Individual
10	Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c	China	Survey	home-quarantined Chinese university students	The study found the prevalence of depression and PTSD among individuals. Extreme fear and short sleep duration acted as risk factors for these issues.	Individual
11	Benke et al. (2020)	Germany	Qualitative	Adults	The study found association between quarantine restrictions with higher mental health impairments.	Individual
12	Louvardi et al. (2020)	Greece	Quantitative	943 healthy individuals and 163 chronic patients	The study findings suggest that the main focus of interventional programs for chronic disease patients (specifically respiratory patients) amidst quarantine experience should be on distress and somatization instead of anxiety and depression.	Individual
13	Pérez-Fuentes et al. (2020)	Spain	Cross-Sectional study	Spanish Adults	The findings showed that the perception of pandemic related threat is associated with negative affect and emotional signs such as sadness to depression, anxiety, anger to hostility	Individual
14	Fawaz and Samaha, 2020a, Fawaz and Samaha, 2020b	Lebanon	Qualitative	Health care workers	The study found the intense psychological challenges posed by quarantined health care workers. The risk factors associated with worsening these issues includes fear of contracting and spreading the virus, conflict between professional duty and family obligation, stigma of being infected and inadequate available information.	Individual, Interpersonal, Organizational, Community
15	Werneck et al. (2020)	Brazil	Survey	Brazilian Adults	The findings reflected the association of poor sleep quality, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours to worsening of mental health related to pandemic quarantine.	Individual
16	Afzali et al. (2020)	Russia	Mixed -Method	International students in Russian Universities	The study developed and validated a scale measuring the relationship between factors such as financial stability, living, educational conditions, social life, physiological reactions and psychological stability with life satisfaction of international students during quarantine associated with COVID-19	Individual & Public
17	Xin et al. (2020)	China	Cross- Sectional survey	University students in China	The study found that quarantined individuals perceived discrimination more than others who weren't quarantined and exhibited mental distress.	Individual Community
18	Giardino et al. (2020)	Argentina	Survey	Health care workers	The results showed that a very high proportion of health care workers suffered from symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep problems.	Organizational
19	López-Carral et al. (2020)	Spain	Online experimental study	Adults	The findings suggest that quarantine impacts mood negatively, resulting in a negatively biased perception of emotive stimuli.	Individual
20	Shariat et al. (2020)	U.S.A	Article Commentary	Office Workers	Home -based exercise can in help alleviate the physical and psychological issues followed by quarantine related restrictions.	Individual
21	Fernández et al. (2020)	Argentina	Cross-sectional study	Quarantined individuals	Results reflected the association of quarantine with intense psychological distress and high prevalence of symptoms such as Phobia, Anxiety, Depression, Obsession-Compulsion and hostility. Attention to coping skills is implicated as a potential mediator for quarantine related emotional sufferings.	Individual
22	Massad et al. (2020)	Jordan	Cross -Sectional study	Jordan citizens above 18 years of age	Findings showed that quarantine related anxiety is found among four out of every ten participants, especially young women and people with poor social support.	Community & Public
23	Khan et al. (2020)	Bangladesh	Cross-Sectional study	University Students	The results showed a high prevalence of mild to extremely severe depression, stress and anxiety among participants. The risk factors leading to these included financial uncertainty, inadequate food supply, fear of infection, absence of physical exercise and other recreational activities.	Individual& Public
24	Youssef et al. (2020)	Egypt	Cross- Sectional survey	Health care professionals	Females and younger age health care professionals are found to be more prone to adverse psychological symptoms such as stress, anxiety, insomnia and depression.	Individual
25	Jurblum et al. (2020)	Australia	Article review	Quarantined individuals	Quarantine has been associated with increased rates of suicide, anger, acute stress disorder, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder	Individual
26	Pandey et al., 2020	India	Cross- Sectional survey	General population	Results suggest a progressively detrimental impact of lockdown on various aspects of psychological health. Found around eight-to-ten-fold increase in the prevalence of depression (30.5%) and anxiety (22.4%) during lockdown, as compared to baseline statistics in Indian population (3·1–3·6% for depressive disorders and 3·0–3·5% for anxiety disorders).	Individual
27	Chen et al., 2020a, Chen et al., 2020b	China	Qualitative descriptive study	Quarantined individuals in close contact with COVID-19 patients	The following five themes emerged: (1) experience in the early stage of quarantine; (2) experience in the middle stage of quarantine; (3) experience in the late stage of quarantine; (4) self-coping persisted throughout the quarantine period; and (5) external support was evident throughout the quarantine period.	Individual & Interpersonal
28	Peng et al., 2020	Shenzhen, China	Cross- Sectional study	Quarantined general individuals	The depressed group experienced more avoidance, intrusion and hyperarousal symptoms than the non-depressed group. The findings suggest an elevated prevalence of depressive symptom in quarantined general individuals in Shenzhen.	Individual
29	Aquila et al. (2020)	Italy	Case report	Forensic case	This study analysed the psychological autopsy method's application to evaluate the pandemic's impact and the associated restriction factors on suicide cases and its management.	Individual & Community
30	Brooks et al. (2020)	U. K	Systematic review	Quarantined individuals	Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma.	Individual, Community & Public
31	diCagno et al., 2020	Italy	Quantitative study	Athletes	There are significant differences in perceived stress and avoidance behaviour regarding gender. Women were reported to be more stressful. Between individual and team sport, significant differences were found in team sport and hyperarousal, with higher results in individual. Adult elite athletes showed significantly higher scores in hyperarousal than amateurs. Significant differences were found between gender in adolescents for avoidance, and between competitive levels in children, for intrusion.	Individual
32	Wu et al., 2020	China	Quantitative study	Quarantined and non-quarantined individuals	There was a significant difference in PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 scores between the quarantine and non-quarantine group.	Individual
33	Viana & de Lira, 2020	Brazil	Article review	Quarantined individuals	The exergame appears to be an enjoyable easy-to-use tool for reducing social isolation, and an interesting mode of home-based exercise for tackling anxiety disorders and sedentary behaviour.	Individual
34	Ng (2020)	New Zealand	Article review	Quarantined individuals	The discussion suggested that the exceptional circumstances of a national lockdown provided an opportunity to develop mental health literacy in the form of psychological first aid, to enable wider awareness of how individuals can contribute to listening and supporting others psychologically.	Public
35	Guo et al. (2020)	China	Cross- Sectional study	Quarantined individuals above 18 years of age	The findings reflected that the nine risk factors associated with anxiety or depressive symptoms included younger age, reduced income, having cancer or other chronic diseases, having family members living with cancer, concerns related to COVID-19 infection for themselves or family members, living alone, having family conflicts, having <3 or >8 h of sedentary time per day, and worsened sleep quality.	Individual & Interpersonal
36	Jiménez-Pavón et al., 2020	Spain	Article review	Older People	The study found that during quarantine times, moderate intensity exercise is the ideal choice for older people as a therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine”.	Individual
37	Samrah et al., 2020	Jordan	Cross- Sectional study	Hospital quarantined individuals	Depression symptoms were significantly more common among females than males. Insufficient involvement in making treatment decisions was the most commonly reported concern. Patients who reported problems in maintaining privacy, reaching out to their physicians, or receiving conflicting information from the medical staff, had more symptoms of depression compared with the satisfied ones. Symptoms of depression were less in patients who stayed in touch with others using phone calls, texting, or social media.	Individual & Interpersonal
38	Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c	China	Quantitative study	Quarantined and non-quarantined individuals	Quarantined respondents reported a higher likelihood to exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety than those not quarantined. Respondents living in communities where screening for COVID-19 was required were less likely to report depression and anxiety symptoms.	Individual Community
39	Panda et al., (2020)	India	Systematic review and Meta-analysis	Children, Adolescents and caregivers	Anxiety, depression, irritability, boredom, inattention and fear of COVID-19 are predominant new-onset psychological problems in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children with pre-existing behavioral problems like autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a high probability of worsening of their behavioral symptoms. Similarly, 52.3% and 27.4% of caregivers developed anxiety and depression, respectively, while being in isolation with children.	Individual & Interpersonal
40	Malkawi et al., 2020	Jordan	Cross- Sectional study	Mothers	This study found that mothers with lower income, lower education, not employed, or living in cities outside the capital of Jordan reported having more depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Changes in their lifestyle practices included weight gain, increased time allocated for teaching children at home, increased familial violence at home, and increased time allocated for caring for their family members	Individual & Interpersonal
41	Alkhamees et al., (2020)	Saudi Arabia	Cross- Sectional study	Individuals in involuntary quarantine institutions	Female gender, self-reported history of psychiatric disorder, and average health status were significantly associated with negative psychological impact and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Watching television was found to be a factor in reducing these symptoms.	Individual
42	Ripon et al., 2020	Bangladesh	Quantitative study	Quarantined individuals	The most PTSD symptoms had on the male (75.7%) who had institutional quarantine. The most depression symptoms were on the female (72.8%) whose income was more than 75000 takas in Bangladeshi currency. The prevalence of depression and PTSD of the quarantined people higher than that of the affected group during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Bangladesh.	Individual
43	Kumar et al., 2020	India	Qualitative study	Health care workers	The study has shown leniency among HCWs in adhering to infection control and personal protective measures resulting in an increased quarantine and infection rate and loss of manpower. The findings thus suggest that the safety of HCWs must be given paramount importance during this pandemic and should be ensured by educating them about infection control, and persistently reinforcing and strictly adhering to standard precautions.	Organizational
44	Singh and Khokhar (2020)	India	Survey	General quarantined population	A prevalence of 28.2% for PTSD and 14.1% for depression was observed. A significant association was reported between depression and number of household members, and between depression and occupation. PTSD and depression are common during home quarantine.	Individual& Interpersonal
45	Canet-Juric et al. (2020)	Argentina	Survey	Argentinian general population	The study found that depression tends to increase slightly due to lockdown restrictions, while levels of anxiety and affect (positive and negative) tend to decrease. Sustaining the lockdown measures could have a larger effect on mental health in the long term.	Individual, Public
46	Mousavi (2020)	Iran	Survey	Parents	The results showed that the effect of home quarantine on Marital Satisfaction and Parental Burnout was not significant in parents. The interactive effect of home quarantine and gender was insignificant on MS and PB. In addition, the mothers significantly reported higher PB than the fathers, but the fathers had higher scores in MS and psychological well-being.	Individual & Interpersonal
47	Prati (2020)	Italy	Survey	General Population	Gender (men), higher age, socioeconomic status, occupational status (unemployed), higher coping efficacy and trust in institutions, and positive attitudes toward quarantine measures predicted well-being. The estimated prevalence of common mental disorders was 31.7% among men and 52.3% among women.	Individual & Organization
48	Burke et al., 2020	Ireland	Cross- Sectional survey	Members of Irish public	Entry into COVID-19 quarantine was associated with significant increases in clinically significant symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety.	Individual
49	Qanash et al. (2020)	Saudi Arabia	Cross-Sectional Survey	Health Science students	Healthcare students had high levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. General knowledge of the pandemic is not associated with the psychological impact. Programs to help students overcome the psychological ​impact of COVID-19 are highly recommended.	Individual
50	Francisco et al. (2020)	Spain, Italy and Portugal	Survey	Quarantined Children & Adolescents	The results revealed an increase in children's psychological and behavioral symptoms, increased screen-time, reduced physical activity, and more sleep hours/night. Italian children presented less psychological and behavioral symptoms than Portuguese and Spanish children. Having an outdoor exit in the house (e.g., garden, terrace) contributed to lower levels of psychological and behavioral symptomatology.	Individual
51	Meo et al., (2020)	Saudi Arabia	Descriptive study	Medical Students	The quarantine has resulted in emotional detachment and decrease in overall work performance, long term effects of quarantine may affect the learning behaviours.	Individual
52	Gan et al. (2020)	China	Qualitative study	Quarantined Chinese residents	The delayed effects of lockdown and quarantine on psychological distress were observed, and self-stigma, social support, and perceived control moderate the relationships.	Individual & Interpersonal
53	Chen et al., 2020a, Chen et al., 2020b	China	Survey	Self – quarantined individuals	The results showed that media was positively associated with death anxiety. Empathy, sympathy and negative affect were playing the mediating roles.	Individual & Public
54	Kı l ı n ç el et al., 2020	Turkey	Cross- sectional study	Adolescents	The sudden closure and quarantine lead to feelings of anxiety and loneliness hence identifying the risk groups could help in providing them required support.	Individual
55	Giallonardo et al. (2020)	Italy	Cross- Sectional Population trial	Quarantined individuals and health care staff	Helps to recognize the effect of the pandemic on the mental health and what kind of interventions could be possibly developed in order to provide the needed help by the mental health professionals.	Individual & Community
56	Commodari and La Rosa (2020)	Italy	Mixed method	Quarantined Adolescents	The adolescents have low risk perception, and good knowledge regarding the COVID-19 protocols, steps taken by government but there was no significant difference in terms of the negative feelings between more affected and less affected areas, which could also lead to predict that the considerable negative feelings might be because of the adolescent age rather than pandemic period.	Individual &Public
57	Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c	China	Quantitative study	University students	The results help to understand the importance of developing strategies for youngsters to identify and recognize their emotions and also help people around them which could be used in combating many mental health problems in the society.	Individual
58	Zhu et al. (2020)	China	Survey	Quarantined individuals	The results show a mild psychological influence on all the people experiencing quarantine, besides varying in the degree of severity depending upon the form, rules and regulations of the quarantine.	Individual & Public
59	Orgilé s et al., 2020	Italy and Spain	Survey	Parents& Children	The study showed considerable effects of quarantine on the emotional wellbeing of the children due to family coexistence, more use of monitor, no physical activity hence there is a need for the parents to identify and report the children with emotional problems in order to help them gain psychological wellbeing.	Individual & Interpersonal
60	Graber et al. (2020)	U.S.A	Systematic review	Reviews on quarantined children	The study identified a gap in understanding of restrictions to play behaviour of the children due to the pandemic and its robust effect on their overall development.	Individual & Interpersonal
61	Ruggieri et al. (2020)	Italy	Longitudinal survey	Quarantined general population	The results supported increased levels of anxiety, loneliness and psychological distress and decreased levels of life satisfaction and also indicated the positive effects of online social comparison in reducing psychological distress during times of pandemic.	Individual & Interpersonal
62	Cooper et al. (2020)	U.S. A	Literature review	Individuals diagnosed with eating disorders	The findings suggest that there is significant risk for the people with eating disorders through online stigmatization and also points the need to develop novel intervention strategies for the people at risk at such times.	Individual, interpersonal & community
63	Ló pez Steinmetz et al. (2020)	Argentina	Cross- Sectional design	General quarantined population	The findings show negative influence of the quarantine and lockdown on the psychological wellbeing and directs that there is need to focus on risk groups such young women and people already with any mental disorders.	Individual
64	Jain et al. (2020)	U.S. A	Article	Quarantined general population	The authors added their findings to an already published article, including the fact that pandemic can worsen people's condition with pre–existing psychological issues. In addition, time-bound behavioral therapy should be provided to persons who exhibit signs of mental disorders to reduce the cognitive effects of the pandemic. Psychiatrists and psychotherapists should maximize the use of telemedicine services use to connect to their patients	Individual & Public
65	Dagnino et al. (2020)	Chile	Exploratory study	General Latin American population	The results of the study indicate significant impact of the pandemic related quarantine on the presence of perceived negative emotional impact of the future and also the risk groups that were interrupted.	Individuals
66	Fuentes-Garcí a et al., 2020	Spain	Quantitative study	Chess Players	The study findings suggest that chess players with higher academic levels showed higher personal concern and increased anxiety due to pandemic.	Individual
67	Zhuo and Zacharias (2020)	China	Survey	Young adults	The study highlights the role of leisure activities in improving well-being in times of pandemic and pointed out that active individuals tend to explore and plan out new activities to do during quarantine activities prior to heighten their social well-being.	Individual
68	Somma et al. (2020)	Italy	Quantitative study	Quarantined University students	The study highlights that chances are higher in persons with dysfunctional personality traits to negatively perceive their sleep quality.	Individual
69	El Keshky et al. (2020)	Saudi Arabia	Survey	Quarantined general population	The results state that there increased levels of anxiety and depression especially in young people during quarantine hence pointed the need to incorporate continuous psychological assessment in health care protocols.	Individual & Community
70	Ribeiro et al. (2020)	Portugal	Opinion paper	Individuals dealing with psychological distress due to pandemic	The intervention programme developed using the major five crisis intervention models helps assist the individuals dealing with psychological distress due to the pandemic's immediate effects, hence helping the community deal with the long-term effects of such incidents.	Individual & Community
71	Inchausti et al. (2020)	Spain	Article review	Health care professionals, individuals who underwent traumatic experience during pandemic and those with existing psychopathology	The study pointed the need of providing psychological assistance to the frontline health workers, people who lose their closed ones and those with any psychological issues. Findings also highlighted the need to understand online delivery of psychological intervention to the individuals with existing vulnerabilities.	Individual & Community
72	Wielgus et al. (2020)	Poland	Quantitative study	Quarantined Adults	The study results suggested a positive significant relationship between the anxiety state and the somatic and psychological response to the pandemic and indicated that the psychological flexibility and mindfulness can be used to mediate the development of any mental health conditions in such times of restrictions.	Individual
73	Batra et al. (2020)	U.S. A	Article review	Older Adults	The review highlights the need to give importance to the psychological care and assistance among the older age people and to incorporate counselling services for the aging for a better a health care.	Community
74	Cineka and Raj (2020)	India	Survey	COVID-19 affected quarantined	The study findings state that the involvement of dance and music in everyday life brings out immense change in human emotions, thus reducing stress and increasing psychological well-being. Hence, it directs the use of the same with people dealing with COVID-19 stress, which could give them better health more positivity.	Individual