Table 2.

Summary of observed associations of risk factors with various psychological impacts.

Levels of SE Model	Risk Factors	Psychological Impacts
Individual
	Lower Education	•A risk factor for anxiety and depression (Lei et al., 2020)
		•Contributed to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Malkavi et al., 2020)
	Unemployment Female gender	•Influenced the well-being (Prati, 2020)
		•More stress, anxiety, insomnia and depression (Youssef et al., 2020)
		•More depressive symptoms (Samrah et al., 2020)
		•Vulnerable to negative psychological impact and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Alkhamees et al., 2020)
		•Females reported more symptoms of depression (Ripon et al., 2020)
	Younger age	•More anxious behaviours (Massad et al., 2020)
		•More stress, anxiety, insomnia and depression (Youssef et al., 2020)
	High self-evaluated level of knowledge	•A risk factor for anxiety and depression (Lei et al., 2020)
	History of psychiatric disorder	•Vulnerable to negative psychological impact and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Alkhamees et al., 2020)
	History of cancer or chronic diseases	•A risk factor for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Low self-perceived health condition	•A risk factor for anxiety and depression (Lei et al., 2020)
	Reduced income	•A factor that led to depression, stress and anxiety (Khan et al., 2020)
		•Contributed to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Malkavi et al., 2020)
		•A risk factor for anxiety and depression Lei et al. (2020)
	Worry related to infection Fear of infection	•A risk factor for anxiety and depression (Lei et al., 2020)
		•A factor that led to depression, stress and anxiety (Khan et al., 2020)
		•A risk factors for depression and PTSD (Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c)
		•Fear of contracting and spreading the virus is one of the risk factors that worsened the psychological difficulties (Fawaz and Samaha, 2020a, Fawaz and Samaha, 2020b)
		•Increased depression, stress and anxiety (Khan et al., 2020)
		•One of the risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger (Brooks et al., 2020)
	Poor sleep quality	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
		•One of the risk factors for depression and PTSD (Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c)
		•Affected the mental health (Werneck et al., 2020)
		•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Absence of physical and recreational activities	•One of the factors that led to depression, stress and anxiety (Khan et al., 2020)
		•Affected the mental health (Werneck et al., 2020)
	Sedentary behaviours	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
		•Affected the mental health (Werneck et al., 2020)
	Living alone	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Increased screen-time	•Increased time spent on gadgets heightened behavioural issues in children and adolescents (Francisco et al., 2020)
	Restriction to play	•Negatively impacted children (Graber et al., 2020)
Interpersonal
	Poor social support	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Lei et al., 2020)
		•More anxious behaviours (Massad et al., 2020)
	Having family members with cancer	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Concerns related to COVID-19 infection for family members	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Having family conflicts	•One of the risk factors for anxiety and depression (Guo et al., 2020)
	Number of household members	•Associated with depression (Singh and Khokhar, 2020)
Organizational
	Inadequate food supply	•One of the factors that led to depression, stress and anxiety (Khan et al., 2020)
	Inadequate information	•One of the risk factors for “post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger” •(Brooks et al., 2020)
	Form, rules and regulations of the quarantine	•Psychological impact of quarantined differed with respect to its form, rules and regulations (Zhu et al., 2020).
	Longer duration of quarantine	•One of the risk factors for “post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger” (Brooks et al., 2020)
	Inadequate supplies	•One of the risk factors for “post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger” (Brooks et al., 2020)
	Problems in maintain privacy	•Aggravated the symptoms of depression (Samrah et al., 2020)
	Problems in reaching out to their physicians	•Aggravated the symptoms of depression (Samrah et al., 2020)
	Receiving conflicting information from the medical staff	•Aggravated the symptoms of depression (Samrah et al., 2020)
	Insufficient involvement in making treatment decisions	•Aggravated the symptoms of depression (Samrah et al., 2020)
	Conflict between professional duty and family obligation	•Worsened the psychological difficulties among health care workers (Fawaz and Samaha, 2020a, Fawaz and Samaha, 2020b)
Community
	Stigma	•Stigma of being infected increased health care workers psychological difficulties (Fawaz and Samaha, 2020a, Fawaz and Samaha, 2020b)
		•One of the risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger (Brooks et al., 2020)
		•Self-stigma moderated the influence that the quarantine had on stress (Gan et al., 2020)
	Social life restrictions	•Affected the life satisfaction of the students (Afzali et al., 2020)
Public
	Media	•Positive relationship with death anxiety (Chen et al., 2020a, Chen et al., 2020b)
	Risk factors post quarantine
	Financial difficulties	•risk factor for anger, anxiety and other psychological problems (Brooks et al., 2020)
	Stigma	•quarantined individuals continued to experience stigmatization in work place, neighbourhood which led to further distress (Brooks et al., 2020)