Table 3.

Summary of observed associations of protective factors with various psychological impacts.

Levels of SE Model	Protective factors	Associations
Individual
	Gender (men)	•Predicted the well-being (Prati, 2020)
	Higher age	•Predicted the well-being (Prati, 2020)
	Positive attitudes towards quarantine	•Predicted the well-being (Prati, 2020)
	Coping skills	•mediated the emotional impact (Fernández et al., 2020) •Predicted the well-being (Chen et al., 2020a, Chen et al., 2020b; Prati, 2020)
	Home-based exercise	•Alleviated physical and psychological issues (Shariat et al., 2020) •Helpful in tackling anxiety, depression, sedentary behaviour, because of restrictions (Viana and de Lira, 2020)
	Daily engagement in leisure and recreational activities	•Brings positivity and improves the health of COVID-19 patients (Cineka and Raj, 2020) •Improved well-being (Zhuo and Zacharias, 2020)
	Watching television	•Reduces depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Alkhamees et al., 2020)
Interpersonal
Social support	Social support	•Helped in dealing with distress (Chen et al., 2020a, Chen et al., 2020b)
	Keeping in touch with others using social media	•Lessened the symptoms of depression (Samrah et al., 2020)
	Online social comparison	•Reduced psychological distress (Ruggieri et al., 2020)
Organizational
	Trust in institutions	•Predicted wellbeing (Prati, 2020)
Community
	Community belongingness and support	•Participants living in the community experienced lesser symptoms of depression and anxiety (Tang et al., 2020a, Tang et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020c)
Public
	Availability of mental health services	•Helped in dealing with depression and anxiety (Cooper et al., 2020)
	Enjoyable tools such as exergame	•Effective in reducing social isolation (Viana and de Lira, 2020)
Beyond the levels of SE model
	Having an outdoor exit in the house (e.g., garden, terrace)	•Reduced the behavioural issues faced by quarantined individuals (Francisco et al., 2020)